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\author{MSingleton}
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  /Title (german-conjunctions.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (MSingleton)
  /Subject (German Conjunctions Cheat Sheet)
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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
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    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{German Conjunctions Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{MSingleton} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/194889/cs/45667/}}}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{0.87717 cm} x{1.12779 cm} x{1.08602 cm} x{1.08602 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Coordinating Conjunctions}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{Simple conjunctions that don't change the word order in a sentence.} \tn 
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{\bf{aber}} (but) & Ich bin müde, {\bf{aber}} ich muss zur Schule gehen. & I am tired, but I have to go to school. & Connects clauses that \seqsplit{contradict} each other in truth or concept. Emphasis is placed on the \seqsplit{difference} between them. \tn 
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{\bf{denn}} (as, since, or \seqsplit{because)} & Ich kaufe Gemüse, {\bf{denn}} ich m{\"o}chte einen Salat machen. & I am buying \seqsplit{vegetables} because I want to make a salad. & Presents a causal \seqsplit{relationship} between clauses. \tn 
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{\bf{oder}} (or) & Willst du ein Buch lesen {\bf{oder}} Schach \seqsplit{spielen?/Er} ist ganz \seqsplit{sympatisch}, {\bf{oder}}? & Do you want to read a book or play chess?/He is really nice, right? & Used to provide a list or alternate options. In German, it's also commonly used in a \seqsplit{non-conjunctive} manner at the end of the question or inquiry as a kind of \seqsplit{affirmative}, similar to the English "right?" \tn 
% Row Count 41 (+ 21)
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Coordinating Conjunctions (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{und}} (and) & Sie ist klug {\bf{und}} hat viele Hobbys. & She is clever and has lots of hobbies. & Connects clauses and similar, related words or phrases. \tn 
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{\bf{sondern}} (but rather) & Sie wohnt nicht in Berlin, {\bf{sondern}} in \seqsplit{Tübingen.} & She doesn't live in Berlin, but rather in \seqsplit{Tübingen.} & Similar to aber, this \seqsplit{introduces} a \seqsplit{contradictory} clause. However, sondern typically suggests a \seqsplit{correction} to the first clause. \tn 
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{\bf{doch}} (yet, \seqsplit{however)} & Ich wollte zur Party kommen, {\bf{doch}} ich war schon \seqsplit{verabredet}. & I wanted to come to the party, but I already had plans. & Similar to aber in \seqsplit{introducing} a \seqsplit{contradictory} clause. However, doch tends to carry a slightly more formal tone, and it may apply more \seqsplit{significance} to the clause or statement that follows it. In some cases, it may translate more \seqsplit{accurately} as "anyway" or "indeed." \tn 
% Row Count 47 (+ 28)
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Coordinating Conjunctions (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{hingegen}} (on the other hand( & Sie leibt Äpfel, ihre Freundin {\bf{hingegen}} liebt Orangen. & She loves apples, her \seqsplit{girlfriend}, on the other hand, loves oranges. & Presents a \seqsplit{contradictory} or alternate object or scenario to what was \seqsplit{previously} \seqsplit{mentioned.} Hingegen is unique in that it acts more like a \seqsplit{conjunctive} \seqsplit{"attachment"} to the subject being \seqsplit{described.} It's placed within the \seqsplit{coordinating} \seqsplit{conjunction} list since it does not create a \seqsplit{subordinate} clause, nor does it change the position of the verb. \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 35)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.04425 cm} x{1.04425 cm} x{1.04425 cm} x{1.04425 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Subordinating Conjunctions}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{Subordinating conjunctions connect clauses, but an obvious relationship exists between them. A clause must be dependent on another for the entire meaning and significance of the sentence to be made clear.} \tn 
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{\bf{als}} (when) & {\bf{Als}} ich jung war, war ich sehr frech. & When I was young, I was very sassy. & To describe events of the past. These events are usually singular, completed moments that aren't ongoing. \tn 
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{\bf{anstatt}} (instead of) & Ich gehe zu Fu{\ss}, {\bf{anstatt}} mit dem Auto zu fahren. & I walk instead of driving my car. & Presents an action, event or object that opposes, or is an \seqsplit{alternative} to, the \seqsplit{formerly-mentioned} action, event or object. \tn 
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{\bf{bevor}} (before) & {\bf{Bevor}} meine Eltern kommen, müssen wir das \seqsplit{Wohnzimmer} aufr{\"a}umen. & Before my parents come, we have to clean up the living room. & Implies an action that has or should come before another action. Bevor is not used for nouns. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Subordinating Conjunctions (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{da}} (as, because) & {\bf{Da}} sie viele Meetings hat, arbeitet sie heute im Büro. & Since she has a lot of meetings, she's working in the office today. & Describes a causal \seqsplit{relationship} between clauses. Unlike denn, da can be used at the start of the sentence. \tn 
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{\bf{damit}} (so that, in that order) & Lass uns sp{\"a}ter losfahren, {\bf{damit}} wir nicht im Stau stecken bleiben. & Let's leave later so we don't get stuck in traffic. & Presents a causal, and often \seqsplit{sequential}, \seqsplit{relationship} between clauses. The clause following damit explains the purpose for the previous clause. \tn 
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{\bf{dass}} (that) & Ich hoffe, {\bf{dass}} du kommen kannst. & I hope that you can come. & \seqsplit{Introduces} a dependent clause that provides further \seqsplit{explanation} to the main \seqsplit{independent} clause. In some cases, native German speakers may not include dass in a sentence, if the overall context already implies it (in these instances, the sentence is \seqsplit{essentially} just two or more \seqsplit{independent} clauses with no verb order \seqsplit{movement).} \tn 
% Row Count 59 (+ 33)
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Subordinating Conjunctions (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{falls}} (in case) & Kaufen Sie \seqsplit{Medikamente}, {\bf{falls}} Sie krank werden. & Buy some medicine in case you get sick. & Presents \seqsplit{conditional} \seqsplit{scenarios;} falls is derived from der Fall (case, issue). Often, falls is used to describe \seqsplit{precautionary} events that aren't known to occur with \seqsplit{certainty.} \tn 
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{\bf{indem}} (by) & Sie hat Englisch gelernt, {\bf{indem}} sie fünf Jahre in Amerika gewohnt hat. & She learned English by living in America for five years. & Presents the cause or method of a mentioned \seqsplit{scenario/event}, or the means in which a "goal" is reached. \tn 
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{\bf{nachdem}} (after, \seqsplit{afterwards)} & Sie macht ein \seqsplit{Nickerchen}, {\bf{nachdem}} sie ihre Arbeit erledigt hat. & She takes a nap after she finishes her work. & Implies an action that has or should come after another action. Nachdem is not used for nouns. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Subordinating Conjunctions (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{ob}} \seqsplit{(whether/or} not, if) & Sie wollen wissen, {\bf{ob}} Greta das \seqsplit{Abendessen} kochen kann. & They want to know whether Greta can cook dinner. & A \seqsplit{restricted} "if" that applies solely to "yes/no" \seqsplit{scenarios.} This is unlike falls, which can be used more broadly. \tn 
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{\bf{obgleich}} (although, albeit, even though) & Er wollte mittanzen, {\bf{obgleich}} er \seqsplit{ungeschickt} ist. & He wanted to dance along with everyone, even though he is clumsy. & Describes a condition or scenario that leads to a \seqsplit{contradictory} or \seqsplit{unanticipated} event. Used more often in text than in casual \seqsplit{conversation}. \tn 
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{\bf{obwohl}} (although, albeit, even though) & Er gewann das Rennen, {\bf{obwohl}} er nicht \seqsplit{trainierte}. & He won the race although he didn't practice. & The same function as obgleich, although obwohl is used more commonly in spoken \seqsplit{conversation}. \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 10)
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Subordinating Conjunctions (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{seit}} (since) & {\bf{Seit}} ich ein Teenager war, kaue ich Kaugummi. & Since I was a teenager, I've been chewing gum. & Describes an event that has started in the past and is implied to be ongoing. \tn 
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{\bf{sobald}} (once, as soon as, by the time) & {\bf{Sobald}} Sie \seqsplit{angekommen} sind, rufen Sie mich an. & Once you are ready, meet me at the \seqsplit{restaurant}. & Expresses an event that would occur \seqsplit{immediately} after another event occurs. \tn 
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{\bf{sodass}} (so, with the result that) & Der Flug hatte Versp{\"a}tung, {\bf{sodass}} wir den letzten Zug nach Hause verpasst haben. & The flight was delayed, so we missed the last train home. & Instead of \seqsplit{indicating} intention, it instead points to the result of an action, whether \seqsplit{intentional} or not. \tn 
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{\bf{sofern}} (provided, as long as) & Ich kann einen Kuchen backen, {\bf{sofern}} du die Zutaten kaufst. & I can bake a cake, provided you buy the \seqsplit{ingredients}. & etails \seqsplit{conditions} for an event to occur. \seqsplit{Considered} a bit more formal than falls. \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 9)
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Subordinating Conjunctions (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{solange}} (so long as, while) & {\bf{Solange}} Sie Ihren Hund haben, sind Sie in \seqsplit{Sicherheit}. & So long as you have your dog, you will be safe. & Cognate of English "so long." Details a (usually ongoing) condition in which a scenario would occur. \tn 
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{\bf{sonst}} \seqsplit{(otherwise)} & Ich muss los, {\bf{sonst}} komme ich zu sp{\"a}t zur Arbeit. & I have to go, otherwise I'll be late for work. & Presents a scenario that would occur as a result of not following a condition or action. Often used to present warnings or \seqsplit{precautions}. \tn 
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{\bf{soweit}} (insofar as, as far as) & {\bf{Soweit}} ich wei{\ss}, \seqsplit{funktioniert} der Computer. & As far as I know, the computer works. & Describes a degree (abstract or concrete) in which an action or scenario reaches. \tn 
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{\bf{statt}} (instead of) & Warum drehst du die Heizung auf, {\bf{statt}} einen Pulli \seqsplit{anzuziehen}? & Why are you turning the heating up instead of putting on a sweater? & A shortened, more informal version of anstatt, with the same function: presents an action, event or object that opposes, or is an \seqsplit{alternative} to, the \seqsplit{formerly-mentioned} action, event or object. \tn 
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{\bf{um..zu}} (in order to) & Er geht in die \seqsplit{Bibliothek}, {\bf{um zu}} lernen. & He goes to the library in order to study. & Presents a reason or purpose for an action or scenario. When using um…zu, the \seqsplit{infinitive} form of a verb is used. \tn 
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{\bf{w{\"a}hrend}} (while) & Sie arbeitet am Computer, {\bf{w{\"a}hrend}} er die Wohnung putzt. & She works on her computer whilst he cleans the \seqsplit{apartment.} & Describes events that would occur \seqsplit{simultaneously}. \tn 
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{\bf{weil}} (because) & Sie ist wütend, {\bf{weil}} sie ihre \seqsplit{Brieftasche} verloren hat. & She is angry because she lost her wallet. & Presents a causal \seqsplit{relationship} between clauses. Unlike denn, weil can be used at the start of a sentence. \tn 
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{\bf{wann}} (if, when) & Sag mir, {\bf{wann}} du zur Party kommst. & Tell me when you are coming to the party. & Describes a specific point in time in which something occurs, which will usually lead to another action. \tn 
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{\bf{wenn}} (if, whenever) & {\bf{Wenn}} Sie Fahrrad fahren, tragen Sie immer Ihren Helm. & Whenever you ride a bike, always wear your helmet. & Presents \seqsplit{conditional} scenarios, typically repeated ones as opposed to singular scenarios or events that occur at a specific point in time. Therefore, wenn is not \seqsplit{necessarily} \seqsplit{restricted} to temporal \seqsplit{situations} and is more versatile than wenn in function. \tn 
% Row Count 54 (+ 26)
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{\bf{wie}} (how, \seqsplit{like/similar)} & K{\"o}nnen Sie mir sagen, {\bf{wie}} ich zum Bahnhof komme? & Can you tell me how to get to the train station? & Presents a clause that asks or provides more \seqsplit{information} about a mentioned action. \tn 
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{\bf{wo}} (where) & Wissen Sie, {\bf{wo}} das \seqsplit{Klassenzimmer} ist? & Do you know where the classroom is? & Presents a clause that asks or provides \seqsplit{information} about a specific location. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{This makes the order of a subordinating clause Subject-Object-Verb, as opposed to Subject-Verb-Object. Subordinate clauses can also start trouble with the clause following them. In German sentences, the comma is used to cleanly separate the clauses. When a sentence is started by a subordinate clause, the clause that comes after the comma will also experience a word shift–specifically, the subject and verb of that clause will switch places.}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Conjunctive Adverbs}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Conjunctive Adverbs never send the verb to the end.} \tn 
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{\bf{deschalb}} (therefore) & Ich habe keine Zeit, {\bf{deschalb}} muss ich gehen. & I don't have time, therefore I must go. \tn 
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{\bf{trotzdem}} (despite that, \seqsplit{nevertheless)} & Es war kalt, {\bf{trotzdem}} ging sie schwimmen. & It was cold; nevertheless, she went swimming. \tn 
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{\bf{daher}} (therefore, for that reason) & Er hat viel gearbeitet, {\bf{daher}} ist er müde. & He worked a lot; therefore, he is tired. \tn 
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{\bf{sonst}} (otherwise) & Beeil dich, {\bf{sonst}} verpasst du den Bus. & Hurry up, otherwise you'll miss the bus. \tn 
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{\bf{dann}} (then) & Er a{\ss} zu Mittag, {\bf{dann}} machte er ein Nickerchen. & He ate lunch; then he took a nap. \tn 
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{\bf{folglich}} \seqsplit{(consequently)} & Sie hat traniert, {\bf{foglich}} hat sie das Rennen gewonnen. & She trained hard; consequently, she won the race. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{They link two complete sentences together, expressing a relationship between them without subordinating one clause to the other.}  \tn 
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% That's all folks
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