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\author{msingh25}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (bio-130t.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (msingh25)
  /Subject (BIO 130T Cheat Sheet)
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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{BIO 130T Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{msingh25} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/126395/cs/24442/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}msingh25 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/msingh25} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 25th September, 2020.\\
   Updated 25th September, 2020.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{p{1.727 cm} x{15.543 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Scientific Method}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Steps of the Scientific Method }}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
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 & 1) Observation \tn 
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 & 2) Question \tn 
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 & 3) Hypothesis \tn 
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 & 4) Prediction \tn 
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 & 5) Experiment \tn 
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% Row 6
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 & 6) Record and Analyze data \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{ Types of Variables}}}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Controlled Variable}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}The variable that stays constant throughout the experiment} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Independent Variable }}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}The variable that you are changing ( I-vary)} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{ Dependent Variable}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}The variable that responds to the changes from the independent variable} \tn 
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% Row 3
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% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Single Blind v.s Double Blind Experiment}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Single-Blind}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}When the participants of the experiment do not know which group they are in\{\{nobreak\}\}} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Double-Blind}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}When both the researcher and the participants do not know which group they are in\{\{nobreak\}\}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Why is this important?}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}It helps eliminate bias in an experiment and help obtain honest results\{\{nobreak\}\}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{-\textgreater{} requires no energy\{\{nl\}\}-\textgreater{} Spontaneous movement of a substance across a membrane from an area {\bf{high concentration}} to an area of {\bf{low concentration}} {\emph{(spreading out)}}\{\{nl\}\} {\emph{ex: a ball rolls down a hill}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{-\textgreater{} {\bf{REQUIRES AN INPUT OF ENERGY}}\{\{nl\}\}-\textgreater{} The movement of a substance across a membrane from an area of {\bf{ low}} concentration to an area of {\bf{high}} concentration\{\{nl\}\} -\textgreater{} {\bf{LOWER CONCENTRATION TO HIGHER CONCENTRATION }}\{\{nl\}\} -\textgreater{}{\emph{ ex: we must work to roll the ball back uphill}}} \tn 
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{\bf{Active}} & {\bf{Passive}} \tn 
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% Row 1
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Molecules {\bf{need energy}} to move across the membrane \{\{nl\}\} {\emph{ex: requires transport proteins}} & Molecules move spontaneously {\bf{(no imput of energy)}}\{\{nl\}\} {\emph{ex: Diffusion \& Osmoisis}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}-\textgreater{} even though they are small, their charges cause them to be repelled by the hydrophobic tails of te membrane\{\{nobreak\}\}} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}help these molecules pass through the lipid bilayer\{\{nl\}\} -\textgreater{} {\bf{Facilitated Diffusion}}: is when the passive movement of a substance {\emph{with}} the help of membrane transport proteins: {\emph{channels}}\{\{nl\}\} {\emph{carriers}}} \tn 
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Hydrophilic & Hydrophobic \tn 
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% Row 1
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{\bf{ Attracts Water Molecules}}\{\{nobreak\}\} & {\bf{Repels Water Molecules}}\{\{nobreak\}\} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Substances move in \& out of the cell through proteins or btwn phospholipids \{\{nobreak\}\}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}The entire organism is made up of one cell\{\{nl\}\} This cell carries out all the functions for survival\{\{nl\}\}{\emph{ex: Bacteria \& Archea}}} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Are composed of many specialized cells working together \{\{nl\}\} {\emph{ex: small plants and animals}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{DNA}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}-\textgreater{} deoxyribosose nucleic acid\{\{nl\}\}-\textgreater{} gene carry an ATCG code \{\{nl\}\}-\textgreater{} are the blueprint for protein molecules} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}-\textgreater{} ribonucleic acid\{\{nl\}\}-\textgreater{} acts as a messenger carrying out orders from the DNA\{\{nl\}\}-\textgreater{} controls synthesis of protein\{\{nl\}\}-\textgreater{} The genetic code is AGCT} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cell Structures; to real life ex}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Nucleus}} = Town Hall ( controls the cell) \{\{nl\}\} \{\{nobreak\}\} {\bf{Golgi}} =  USPS/ UPS   (packages and delivers \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{  ER}}=    Factories (make lipids/ Proteins \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{   Ribosomes }}= Factory workers (makes lipids proteins) \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{ Chloroplast}}= Solar Panel ( Captures light)\{\{nl\}\} {\bf{  Mitochondria}} = Power House ( Convert Energy) \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{  Lysosomes}} =    break down bacteria and worn out  (sanitation) \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{  Vacuoles }}=  Break down bacteria etc.and store energy (sanitation) \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{  Cell membrane }}= to regulate what gets in and out of the cell (Bouncer ) \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{  Cytoskeleton }}=  structures and movement of chromosomes (infrastructure of town/ highway) \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{  Cytoplasm}} =  holds all the organelles together \& cellular respiration (air) \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{  Vesicles}} =  storage and move things around move proteins out of the cell ( mailman/ mail truck)} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 18)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Diffusion}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{-\textgreater{} {\bf{Diffusion}}= substances moving spontaneously \{\{nl\}\}-\textgreater{} Diffusion stops when the substance is equally distributed -\{\{nobreak\}\}{\bf{Equilibrium}}\{\{nl\}\} -\textgreater{} There is no net movement of molecules, even though the molecules are still moving\{\{nl\}\} -\textgreater{} They are moving in a space at the same rate as they are leaving the space} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{What factors can affect the rate of diffusion?}}\{\{nl\}\}-\textgreater{} {\bf{Temperature}}({\emph{heat/cold}}): Heat causes particles to move faster \{\{nl\}\}Cold slows down the movement of particles\{\{nl\}\}-\textgreater{}{\bf{ Size of particles}}: Small molecules will move faster than the large ones} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Osmosis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{-\textgreater{} is the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane\{\{nl\}\} -\textgreater{} Through polar, water molecules are small enough to weave through the lipid bilayer \{\{nl\}\} -\textgreater{} If a large amount of water is needed, the movement is done through a protein channel {\bf{{\emph{-Aquaporin\{\{nobreak\}\}}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{-\textgreater{} The diffusion of water across the membrane is {\bf{PASSIVE}}\{\{nl\}\} -\textgreater{} {\bf{NO INPUT OF ENERGY IS REQUIRED}}\{\{nl\}\}-\textgreater{} Water moves from an area of {\bf{high}} concentration to an area of {\bf{low}} concentreation\{\{nl\}\} -\textgreater{} Water moves from areas of {\bf{ low solute}} {\emph{(salt,sugar)}} to {\bf{high solute}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Solution types}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Image could not be loaded.} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{ Isotonic}} = having the same/equal  \newline {\bf{ Hypotonic}} = having a lower concentration of solute than the other solution\{ \newline {\bf{ Hypertonic}} = having higher osmotic pressure than the comparison solution}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Solution differences}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{17.67cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/msingh25_1601064516_hypo.jpeg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Intracellular v.s Extracellular}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Intracellular}}:  located {\bf{Inside}} of the cell} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{ Extracellular}}: located {\bf{outside}} of the cell\{\{nobreak\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Producers v.s Consumers}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Producer}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}-\textgreater{} Plants obtain energy from the non-living part of the environment\{\{nobreak\}\} \{\{nl\}\}-\textgreater{} Autotrophs = Producers} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Consumer}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}-\textgreater{} Animals obtain energy from the living part of the environment\{\{nobreak\}\}\{\{nl\}\} Hetrotrophs =Consumers} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Linnean Hierarchy of Classification}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{17.67cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/msingh25_1601046931_images.jpeg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{ 8 category system}} \newline {\bf{ Top to bottom = Least specific to most}} \newline {\bf{ Bottom to the top = Most specific to least}}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Biological Organization}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{17.67cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/msingh25_1601045761_Organization-life_img1.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{4 Biological Molecules}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{1){\bf{ Proteins}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{2){\bf{ Lipids}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{3){\bf{ Carbohydrates}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{4){\bf{ Nucleic Acids}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Monomer v.s Polymer}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{ Monomer}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}-\textgreater{} is any molecule that contains atleast 1 {\bf{C-H}} bond \{\{nobreak\}\}\{\{nl\}\}-\textgreater{}{\emph{Small Building Blocks}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Polymer}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}-\textgreater{} are small organic molecules that are used as repeating links together via covalent bonds to form a macromolecule (polymers)} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Dehydration Reaction v.s Hydrolysis Reaction}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{ Dehydration Reaction}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}-\textgreater{} connects a monomer to another monomer or a polymer \{\{nl\}\} -\textgreater{} In a dehydration reaction the 2 \seqsplit{reactants(monomer/polymer)} contributes a part of the water molecule released in the reaction\{\{nobreak\}\}\{\{nl\}\} -\textgreater{} {\emph{ one contributes the {\bf{-OH}}(hydroxyl group)}} \& the other {\bf{H}} {\emph{(Hydrogen)}}\{\{nl\}\} -\textgreater{} Continuous reaction} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{ Hydrolysis}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}-\textgreater{} breaks down polymers into monomers\{\{nl\}\} The bond btwn the monomers attaching to one monomer and the hydroxyl attaching to the other monomer\{\{nl\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Order of Making Protein}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{ DNA -\textgreater{} RNA -\textgreater{} Protein}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Plasma Membrane}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{-\textgreater{} Forms the external boundary of all types of cells \{\{nl\}\} -\textgreater{} Seperates the inside contents of the cell from the outside \{\{nl\}\} -\textgreater{} Controls communication and exchange of some materials} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{-\textgreater{} Is {\bf{Selectively Permeable}}\{\{nl\}\} the membrane regulates the passage of materials \{\{nl\}\}-\textgreater{} Membrane allows some substances to pass through, more easily than others.\{\{nl\}\} -\textgreater{} Some molecules can enter and exit the cell freely \{\{nl\}\} Some molecules can pass under some circumstances\{\{nl\}\} -\textgreater{} Others have some trouble} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Functions of a Plasma Membrane}}:\{\{nl\}\}-\textgreater{} They keep toxic substances out of the cell\{\{nl\}\}-\textgreater{} They contain receptors and channels that allow molecules {\emph{such as ions, nutrients, waste, and metabolic product}}\{\{nobreak\}\} \{\{nl\}\} -\textgreater{} Regulates the {\bf{transport}} of substances in and out of the cell\{\{nl\}\}-\textgreater{} Protects the cell by acting as a barrier} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cells}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{17.67cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/msingh25_1601057853_cells-animal-plant-ways-nucleus-difference-organelles.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{3.1293 cm} x{4.4469 cm} x{4.4469 cm} x{4.4469 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{4 Macromolecules Functions \& Examples \{\{nobreak\}\}}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Macromolecules}}\{\{nobreak\}\} & {\bf{Building Blocks}}\{\{nobreak\}\} & {\bf{ Functions}}\{\{nobreak\}\} & {\bf{Examples}}\{\{nobreak\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Lipids}} & Fatty acids \& glycerol & to provide cells with long-term energy \& make-up \seqsplit{biological} membranes\{\{nobreak\}\} & {\emph{Fats, \seqsplit{Phospholipids}, waxes, oils, grease, steroids\{\{nobreak\}\}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 8)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{ \seqsplit{Nucleic} acids}} & \seqsplit{Nucleotides} & to store and pass on genetic info & {\emph{ DNA \& RNA}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{ Carbohydrates}} & \seqsplit{Monosaccharides} {\emph{(simple sugars)}}\{\{nobreak\}\} & to provide cells with short term energy \& source of fiber\{\{nobreak\}\} & {\emph{Glucose, Sucrose, Starch, Cellulose, Chtin\{\{nobreak\}\}}} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 7)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{ Proteins}} & Amino Acids & to provide cell structure, send chemical signals, speed up chemical reactions, \& more\{\{nobreak\}\} & {\emph{ Keratain}}(found in hair \& nails){\emph{, Hormones, Enzymes, \seqsplit{Antibodies} \{\{nobreak\}\}}} \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 10)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.0807 cm} x{10.1893 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Active Transport \& Channels}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{ Ion Channels}}\{\{nobreak\}\} & Intergral pores that allow specific ions to get in/out of the cell\{\{nobreak\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Transporters}} & Integral proteins that selectively move a polar substance/ion to one side of the membrane\{\{nobreak\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Receptors}} & Integral proteins that serve as recognition sites. Each binds to a specific type of molecule \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Ligand}} & A specific molecule that binds to a receptor \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{ Enzymes}} & Intergral proteins that catalyze specific chemical reactions at the cell surface \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Linkers}} & Intergral proteins that hold down proteins in the plasma membrane. Helps form structure of cells and link cells together \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Regulators}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{ Local Regulators}}: a secreted molecule that influences cells near where it was secreted \{\{nobreak\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{ G-protein-coupled receptors}}: a signal receptor protein that responds to the binding of a signal molecule by activating a G-protein\{\{nobreak\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{ Ion Channel receptors}}: a ligand-gated ion channel is a type of membrane receptor containing a region that can act as a "gate" when the receptor changes shape\{\{nobreak\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{3.9528 cm} x{4.4469 cm} x{3.6234 cm} x{4.4469 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Local v.s Long Distance(animal cells\{\{nobreak\}\})}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Local}} & {\bf{Both}} & {\bf{ Long}} &  \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & target only specific target cells\{\{nobreak\}\} recognize \& respond to a given signal molecule &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 10)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{ \seqsplit{Panacrine} Signaling}}\{\{nobreak\}\} & A secreting cell acts on nearby target cells by \seqsplit{discharging} molecules of a local regulator into \seqsplit{extracellular} fluid\{\{nobreak\}\} &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 13)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{ Synaptic Signaling}} & A nerve cell releases \seqsplit{nuerotransmitter} molecules into a synapse \seqsplit{stimulating} the target cell &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{3.9528 cm} x{4.4469 cm} x{3.6234 cm} x{4.4469 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Local v.s Long Distance(animal cells\{\{nobreak\}\}) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & {\bf{Hormonal Signaling}}\{\{nobreak\}\} & \seqsplit{Specialized} endocrine cells secrete hormones into body fluids, {\emph{often blood}} Hormones may reach virtually all body cells \{\{nobreak\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 14)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Signal Transduction Pathway}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{A series of steps linking a mechanical/chemical stimulus to a specific cellular response\{\{nobreak\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{key role in cell communication\{\{nobreak\}\}}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Answer}}: The plasma membrane plays a key role in communication btwn cells \& their environment \{\{nobreak\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{mono v.s di v.s poly (saccharides)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{17.67cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/msingh25_1601053797_Difference-Between-Monosaccharides-Disaccharides-and-Polysaccharides-Comparison-Summary.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Amino Acid Monomers}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{-\textgreater{} are organic molecules with carboxyl and an amino acid group} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{-\textgreater{} at the center of the small molecules is the carbon atom called "{\bf{ Alpha Carbon}}"} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{-\textgreater{} surrounded by amino group, carboxyl group, a hydrogen group with a "{\bf{-R}}" group} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Amino Acid Structure}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{17.67cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/msingh25_1601054121_Pj2xAnIFTBuxwKWYL0Y6_aminoAcidStruc.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{20 amino acids}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{17.67cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/msingh25_1601054195_amino-acid-structures_med.jpeg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Protein Structure \& Function}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{-\textgreater{} A functional protein consists of 1 or more polypeptides} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{3 Levels of Structure:\{\{nl\}\} 1) Primary Structure\{\{nl\}\} 2) Secondary Structure\{\{nl\}\} 3) Teritary Structure\{\{nl\}\} 4) Quaternary Structure} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Primary Structure}}: is the proteins linear sequence\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{ Secondary Structure}}: is when polypeptide chains coil or fold to the backbone of the polypeptide interact and form bonds\{\{nl\}\} {\bf{Teritiary Structure}}: happens through the interactions of the amino acids. Determines the overall shape of the polypeptide\{\{nl\}\} {\bf{Quaternary Structure}}: is when 2 or more polypeptides combine (aggregate)} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Endomembrane System}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{-\textgreater{} Nuclear Envelope} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{-\textgreater{} Endoplasmic Reticulum} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{-\textgreater{} Golgi Body} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{-\textgreater{} Lysosomes} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{-\textgreater{} Plasma Membranes} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{-\textgreater{} Vacuoles} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Plasma membrane}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{What macromolecule makes up the majority of the plasma membrane of cells?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}A) Proteins\{\{nl\}\} B) Carbohydrates\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{ C)}} {\bf{Lipids}} -{}-\textgreater{}\textgreater{} {\bf{Phospholipids}} \{\{nl\}\} D) Nucleic Acids} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Proteins and carbohydrates also compose the membrane} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Amphipathic}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{having both hydrophillic \& hydrophobic parts\{\{nobreak\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Concentration Gradient}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{oocurs when the concentration of particle in one area than another.\{\{nobreak\}\}s is higher} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Permeable}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{allowing cells/ions to pass through} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Turgid}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Swollen or congested} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Solution vocab}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Solvent}}: able to dissolve other solutions \{\{nobreak\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Solution}}: a homogenous {\emph{(balanced)}} mixture of solvent or solute molecules \{\{nobreak\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{ Solute}}: is a substance that can be dissolved by a solvent to create a solution\{\{nobreak\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}



\end{document}