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% Document Info
\author{MostAncientDream}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (alvl-p2-magnetic-fields-ch16.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (MostAncientDream)
  /Subject (Alvl P2: Magnetic Fields (ch16) Cheat Sheet)
}

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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Alvl P2: Magnetic Fields (ch16) Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{MostAncientDream} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/168994/cs/42439/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}MostAncientDream \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/mostancientdream} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 19th February, 2024.\\
   Updated 19th February, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.748 cm} x{1.976 cm} x{3.876 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Definitions/Equations}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
motor effect & F = BIL & a current carrying wire in a magnetic field will a force \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
magnetic flux & flux = BA & a measure of how much magnetism passes through an area \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
flux linkage & N x flux = BAN(cos0) &  \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
faradays law & E = -(N) \seqsplit{Δflux/	Δt} &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
(in a moving wire) & E = BLv & derrived from E = flux/t \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{rules/laws}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
right hand rule & for finding direction of current in a wire & thumbs up, thumb represents direction of current while curled fingers are the direction of the field \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
FLH rule & directions for force current and mag field & first 3 fingers 90' to each following from the thumb as FBI \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Faradays} Law & induced emf is proportional to the rate of change of flux linakage &  \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Lenz's} Law & the direction of the induced emf is such that it opposes the change that caused it &  \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 6)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cyclotrons}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Cyclotrons use {\bf{F = BQv}} to produce a beam of charged particles \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
for example: for proton therapy \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
magnetic fields causes protons to be emitted by the source in the centred to undergo circular motion inside the metal Dees \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3)
they use alternating currents as the oppositely charged dee causes the protons to be accelerated across and then back again after flipping the charge again, increasing their velocity and therefore radius. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 5)
\textgreater{}every half a cycle the polarity of the dees must reverse in order for the protons to be continuously accelerated across again.  \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 3)
as f is independant of r, all protons have the {\bf{same frequency and time period regardless of radius}} \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 3)
\textgreater{} the frequency of AC applied to the dees must match this% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{transformers}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{used to change the voltage (reduces current and therefore power lost to heat in national grid cables) \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
- AC primary coil induces alternating magnetic field in sort iron core (easily (de)magnetised) \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
- this induces a current in the secondary coil \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
- the side with the most turns (N) has the greater pd (N ∝ v) \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
equations: \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
VpIp = VsIs \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
Ns/Np = Vs/Vp \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
efficiency = useful/total x100 \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
rms = Xo/2\textasciicircum{}1/2\textasciicircum{} \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
Energy losses: \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
problem- \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
 -{}-{}- heat is produce in copper coils when a current flows causing heat loss \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
solution-  \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
 -{}-{}- use thicker wires (creates lower resistance) \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
problem- \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
 -{}-{}- some mag flux doesnt pass through the iron core reducing the flux lin of the secondary coil \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 2)
solution- \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
 -{}-{}- reduced by keeping coils close/wound together \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 2)
problem- \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 1)
 -{}-{}- eddy currents are induced, due to the mag flux created in coils, opposing the charge that produced it (Lenz's law) causing heat loss in the coil \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 3)
solution- \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\vfill
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{transformers (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{ -{}-{}- laminating with insulating material \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
 -{}-{}- using thin sheets so smaller emfs are induced% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Charged particles in a field}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{a charge in a magnetic field has to be moving to experience a force. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
a free charged particle will undergo circular motion in this field. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
this is given by F = BQv \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
for proving frequency is independant of radius: \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
BQv = mw\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{}r  \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
BQwr = mw\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{}r \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
w = BQ/m  \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
2pi.f = BQ/m therefore independant% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Generators}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{generators consist of a spinning coil in a magnetic field.  \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
-when the coil is parallel to the field there is no induced emf \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
-when the coil is perpendicular to the field there is induced emf  \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
(the constantly spinning coil allows the induced emf to remain for longer as the field is constantly changing.) \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3)
Peak EMF: \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
E = BANw = 2BLv \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
EMF at any time: \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
E =Eo sin(wt) = BANwsin(wt) \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
overhead cables are made from aluminium (light) with steel core (strong).  \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
copper would be too expensive% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{induction}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{an emf (and current) will be induced in a wire thats part of a loop if it expereinces a changing field.  \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
lenz's law \textgreater{} demonstrated by dropping a magnet downa copper pipe.  \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
an eddy current is induced which produces a force that opposes the magnets motion (therefore slowing down as the magnet wants to accelerate down due to gravity the eddy currents create a force upwards slowing it down) \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 5)
for a moving wire: \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
- must move perpendicular to the field lines \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
flux = BA therefore flux now = BLd where L is the length of wire in the field and d is the distance in the perpendicular direction \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 3)
for moving loop:  \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
- emf is only induced as it enters/leaves as this is where there is a change in magnetic field (change in magnetic flux) \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 3)
- its constant while inside the field  \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
for static coils:  \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
- B must be changed as A is not  \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
- this is done by using an AC current  \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
- if DC is used then the current will only be induced for a short amount of time% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

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