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% Document Info
\author{MostAncientDream}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (alvl-p1-energy-levels-and-particles-of-light-ch3.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (MostAncientDream)
  /Subject (Alvl P1: energy levels and particles of light(ch3) Cheat Sheet)
}

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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Alvl P1: energy levels and particles of light(ch3) Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{MostAncientDream} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/168994/cs/42333/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}MostAncientDream \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/mostancientdream} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 9th February, 2024.\\
   Updated 9th February, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.08 cm} x{5.92 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Definitions}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\seqsplit{Excitation} & process of an electron taking in exactly the correct quantity of energy to move to a higher level \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{ionisation} & process of an atom losing an orbital electron and becoming charged \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
ground state & the most stable energy level that an electron can exist in \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
energy levels & defined and distinct energies at which electrons can exist in an atom \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
threshold freq & min freq of photons required for photoelectrons to be emitted from the surface of a metal plate \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
work function & min energy required to remove an electron from the metal's surface \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
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\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fluorescent tube (Exam q)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{a fluorescent covered tube with mercury vapour inside. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
process: \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
1. thermonic emission to raise electrons to the surface \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
 \textgreater{} energy has to be equal to or greater than the energy gap between energy levels to interact \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
2. potential difference is applied (V = w/q) so work is done on the electron to accelerate it across the tube \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 3)
3. electrons will collide with mercury vapour causing excitation (risk of electron capture however unlikely due to mercurys stability) \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 3)
 \textgreater{} electrons will continue to interact even after a single interaction as the field continues to accelectrate them  \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 3)
4. electrons dexcite, releasing energy certain frequency  \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 2)
5. mercury vapour has small wavelength photons (discrete) of light released in any direction  \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 2)
6. this causes the photon to interact with the phosphorous which must have the exact energy gap  \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 2)
\textgreater{} small wavelength = large energy  \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
7. most of the phosporous energy levels are visible light spectrum, it has fluoresced  \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 2)
\textgreater{} absorb short, release long wavelength \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 1)
questions possibly answered: \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 1)
- how does the fluorescent tube worked \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
- why is mercury vapour used  \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
- what does the phosphorous do \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fluorescent tube (Exam q) (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- do the electrons continue to interact after interacting once% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Electron diffraction}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{electron diffraction is evidence for wave behaviour.  \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
-as an electron passes through a diffraction grating the electron wave spreads out/is diffracted.  \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
-an interferance pattern is produced, bright rins at where maximum intensity occurs/interfere constructively  \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3)
working out velocity of an electron from an electron gun:  \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
- cathode(-) fires electrons through an anode(+) grating  \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
- there is a potential difference between the cathode/anode known as the {\bf{accelerating voltage}} \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
V = E/Q so E = eV (e is Q) \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
eV (energy) = 1/2mv\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{} \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
and rearrange for v \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
v = square root(2eV/m) \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
this can be substituted into de broglie wavelength equation% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
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photon energy & hf \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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 & hc/lambda \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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de broglie wavelength & h/p (momentum) \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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 & h/mv \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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threshold freq & work function/h \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Excitation and ionisation}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- when an electron gains energy via a photon, if the photon contains the correct amount of energy for the energy level, an electron will excite to the next energy level \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
- (if it had enough energy to ionise it becomes a free electron) \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
- (if it did not have enough energy to get to the next energy level then the photon passes through the atom without interacting) \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3)
- the electron is now in an unstable state \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
- to overcome this the electron will eventually de-excite (return to the energy level) and release a corresponding photon in the process% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{photons}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{an atom could have absorbed a singular photon to excite multiple energy levels. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
as it dexcites and releases energy this can be in the form of multiple photons.  \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
for example: \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
if a photon excites an electron 2 energy levels, then when it dexcites it can either go \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
 n=3 \textgreater{} n=1 (with the corresponding energy difference) \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
or \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
n=3 \textgreater{} n=2 \textgreater{} n=1% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{spectrums}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Absorption spectrums: \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- these look like rainbom bars with black lines vertically across them \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
black lines \textgreater{} frequencies/wavelengths absorbed \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
Emission spectrums: \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
- these look like black bars with single coloured lines vertically across them \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
coloured line \textgreater{} emitted frequency/wavelength \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
** you should expect more lines on the emission spectrum as there is more paths it can take per photon absorbed when dexciting% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{photoelectric effect}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{photoelectric effect: \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
light is modelled as photons (\textasciitilde{}discrete packets of energy) \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
E = hf \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
{\emph{if wave theory was correct then the surface electrons should be liberated with any f of light so long as its bright enough}} \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3)
when surface electrons are liberated from the surface, they have Ek. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
it is a 1-1 interaction \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
- higher intensity {\bf{does not equal}} Ek max \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
- 1 photon absorbed by 1 electron \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
- to measure the Ek set up an excavated tube with metal plates on either side connected to a battery. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 3)
- turn up the voltage on the battery until no electrons reach the other plate (the ammeter will read 0) \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 3)
- this is the {\bf{stopping potential (Vs)}} \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
V = E/Q \textgreater{} Vs = Ek/e \textgreater{} Ek max = eVs \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
(Ek max is electrons liberated from surface) \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
Graphs: \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
Ek max - f graph \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
y = mx +c \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
into  \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1)
Ek max = hf - work funtion (always a negative) \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 1)
the x intercept is the threshold frequency% Row Count 27 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}