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% Most of the following are not required for the majority
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% Document Info
\author{MostAncientDream}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (alvl-p1-electricity-ch9.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (MostAncientDream)
  /Subject (Alvl P1: electricity (ch9) Cheat Sheet)
}

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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Alvl P1: electricity (ch9) Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{MostAncientDream} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/168994/cs/42337/}}}
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\noindent
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}MostAncientDream \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/mostancientdream} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 11th February, 2024.\\
   Updated 11th February, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{document}
\raggedright
\raggedcolumns

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% from this page to resize cheat sheet text:
% www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html
\footnotesize % Small font.

\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.64 cm} x{5.36 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Definitions}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
potential difference & the measure of how much energy is transferred by each coloumb of charge \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
current & the rate of flow of charge \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
resistance & the measure of how much a component resists the flow of current \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
resistivity & how resistive a material is to the flow of charge \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
emf & energy supplied to each unit charge \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.444 cm} x{3.648 cm} x{2.508 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Series and Parallel circuits}}  \tn
% Row 0
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 & series & parallel \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
pd & shared across componenets & equal \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{current} & same for all components & split at branches \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{resistance} & sum of resistances & reciporacal \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Variable reisistors}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Themistor:}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
T increases = R decreases \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
{\bf{LDR:}} \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
Light increases = R decreases \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
-{}-both of these can be used a potential dividers% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Power, AC/DC, rms}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{AC - alternating current  \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
eg mains electricity \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
DC - direct current  \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
eg. a battery \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
{\bf{rms:}} \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
root means squared- average of variables \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
P av = V rms I rms \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
mains uk: V rms = 230V \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
X rms = Xo / 2\textasciicircum{}1/2\textasciicircum{}% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{EMF}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Emf is the total energy a battery has however the measured value will be smaller  \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
this is due to internal resistance.  \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
V = W (by the charge) / Q \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
E = W (on the charge) / Q% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.48 cm} x{5.52 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Laws}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Kirchhoffs 1st law & charge and current is conserved at any junction in a circuit \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Kirchhoffs 2nd law & the sum of the emfs must equal the sum of the pd drop in a closed loop \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{resistance}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{ohms law: \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
{\emph{current and pd in an ohmic conductor held under constant physical conditions are directly proportional (resistance is the constant of proportionality)}} \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 4)
V = IR {\bf{\textless{}\textless{}for a fixed resistor only}} \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
resistance is not constant for objects such as filament lamps \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
- this is due to the delocalised electrons colliding with the ironic lattice  \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
- this causes them to vibrate more and increase temperature \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
you can reverse the cell to obtain negative values for I and V \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
diodes only let current flow in one direction- \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
\textgreater{} low resistance = forward direction \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
\textgreater{} high resistance = backward direction \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
no current flows until it reaches breaking voltage on either side (-ve/+ve) \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 2)
{\bf{superconductors}}- material that resistance decreases to 0 at the critical temperature \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 2)
Resistivity: \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
how to work it out \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
1. measure the diameter of the wire with a micrometer and calculate the cross-sectional area \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 2)
2. change the L of the wire by moving one crocodile clip \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 2)
3. use wire of material for which resistivity does not change much  eg nichrome  \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 2)
4. calculate R from V/I for each length \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{resistance (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Variable resistors: \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
{\bf{rheostat}} \textgreater{} change the current, can never turn the bulb off (permanently connected) \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
{\bf{potentiometer}} \textgreater{} change the voltage, can turn the bulb off (doesnt have to be connected) \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
situations: \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
if you have two different identical circuits with a resistor each, one has 20R and the other R, what is the similarities and differences: \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3)
S- voltage is the same at the end of both \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
D- current is different, R would have more current as R is lower than 20R \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
D- physical difference would be R is hottoer as its being hit by more current, quicker \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
if you have a circuit with parallel resistors, with two in series, if the proportions between the resistors on each side of the parallel circuit is the same then no current flows as theres no voltage \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 4)
-\textgreater{} {\emph{no potential difference}} \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
parallel circuit. one branch has an ideal voltmeter and resistor, other branch has two resistors, battery has 5 V. as it is an ideal voltmeter is has infinite resistance. this means one side of the branch has 5V and the otherside has 0V, this means the resistor has next to it has no voltage passing through it therefore is not included when working out total resistance of the circuit.% Row Count 27 (+ 8)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}