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\author{Morghay123}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (the-prokaryotic-world-lecture-3.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Morghay123)
  /Subject (The Prokaryotic World -Lecture 3 Cheat Sheet)
}

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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{The Prokaryotic World -Lecture 3 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Morghay123} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/53154/cs/14427/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Morghay123 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/morghay123} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 26th January, 2018.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.59264 cm} x{3.38436 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Kingdom/Domain System Evolution}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
1. 2 Kingdoms & - Plants \{\{nl\}\} - Animals \tn 
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2. 5 Kingdom System & - Manera \{\{nl\}\} - Plant \{\{nl\}\} - Animal \{\{nl\}\} - Fungi \{\{nl\}\} - Protists \{\{nl\}\} {\emph{wrong bbecause this is saying that all the differences are equal, which is false because they evolved at different times}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 8)
% Row 2
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3. 3 Domain System & {\emph{Current System. Domains are more broad than kingdom}} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bacteria V. Archaea}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Archaea = Hottest places on earth} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Archaea cell membrane \{\{nl\}\}- Formed by phospholipid bilayer} \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Hydrocarbon chains can be linked so their lipids can be a monolayer. Makes membrane more stable/loss fluid. Helps retain integrity}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bacterial Peptidoglycan}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Carbohydrate chains cross linked with amino acids} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- Plant cell walls are made of cellulose in strands} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- Cellulose doesn't contain the cross linked amino acids that connect the chains (PLANTS = cellulose)} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Cross link= very strong substance. need this because bacteria is single celled}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{What Unites Prokaryotes}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{All are conditional with known exceptions}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Unicellularity: {\emph{almost}} always single-celled} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Cell size: {\emph{mostly}} very small} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Chromosomes: {\emph{typically}} have a single circular chromosome, genetical material can be exchanged via HGT} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Cell division: {\emph{mainly}} occurs by binary fission, no mechanism for sexual reproduction (asexual reproduction)} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Internal compartmentation: {\emph{no true membrane}} bound organelles} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Flagella: {\emph{simple structure}} allows only for simple mechanism} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 7
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Metabolic diversity: {\emph{can be}} capable of metabolic feats requiring remarkable chemistry}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Gram Stain- Often first step in treatment}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- Gram-stains are still ofte the first figure in clinical articles about pathogens} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{How does genetic diversity arise?}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Examples of Horizontal Gene Transfer}}} \tn 
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{\emph{Conjugation}} & {\emph{Transduction}} \tn 
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1. One strand of F+ cell plasmid DNA breaks at arrowhead & 1. Phage infects bacterial donor cell with A+ and B+ alleles \tn 
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2. Broken strand peels off and enters F- Cell & 2. Phage DNA is replicated and proteins synthesized \tn 
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3. Donor and recipient cells synthesize complementary DNA strands & 3. Fragment of DNA with A+ allele is packaged within a phage capsid \tn 
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4. Recipient cell is now a recombinant F+ cell & 4. Phage with A+ allele infects bacterial recipient cell \tn 
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 & 5. Incorporation of phage DNA creates recombinant with genotype A+B \tn 
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% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Chromosomes are mostly sincle celled and horizontal transfer can be given to anyone in the same environment}}} \tn 
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% Row 8
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Pili merge and join cytoplasm} \tn 
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% Row 9
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{plasmids}}: where antibiotic genes are held} \tn 
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% Row 10
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Virus serving as a boat for exchange of genetic material}}} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.29402 cm} x{3.68298 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cellular Life}}  \tn
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\seqsplit{Unicellular} & - Most of earths organisms in history \tn 
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\seqsplit{Multicellular} & - Fungi, Plants, Animals \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.50372 cm} x{0.87717 cm} x{0.91894 cm} x{0.87717 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Domains}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Archaea are more closely related to eukarya than bacteria}}} \tn 
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 & {\bf{Bacteria}} & {\bf{Archaea}} & {\bf{Eukarya}} \tn 
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{\bf{Nuclear Envelope}} & Absent & Absent & Present \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
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\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Membrane-enclosed Organelles}} & Absent & Absent & Present \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Peptidoglycan in Cell Walls}} & Present & Absent & Absent \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Membrane Lipids}} & \seqsplit{Unbranched} \seqsplit{Hydrocarbons} & Some branced \seqsplit{hydrocarbons} & \seqsplit{Unbranched} \seqsplit{hydrocarbons} \tn 
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% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{HNA Polymerase}} & One kind & several kinds & several kinds \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Initiator amino acid for protein synthesis}} & \seqsplit{Formyl-methionine} & \seqsplit{Methionine} & \seqsplit{Methionine} \tn 
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% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Introns in genes}} & Very rare & present in some genes & present in many genes \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Responsible to the antibiotics streptomycin and chloramphomicol}} & Growth usually \seqsplit{inhibited} & Growth not \seqsplit{inhibited} & Growth not \seqsplit{inhibited} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 5)
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\vfill
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.50372 cm} x{0.87717 cm} x{0.91894 cm} x{0.87717 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Domains (cont)}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Histones associated with DNA}} & Absent & Present in some species & Present \tn 
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% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Circular Chromosome}} & Present & Present & Absent \tn 
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% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Growth at temperatures \textgreater{}100C}} & No & Some Species & No \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Archea membrane lipids can form monomers}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Introns show more complex genetically}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Histones allow packaging of DNA. No histones means doesn't have to be as compacted}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.14011 cm} x{2.83689 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Internal Membrane or Organelles?}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Some internal membranes are complex invaginations of the Plasma Membrane} \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Aerobic Prokaryote}} & {\bf{Photosynthetic Prokaryote}} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Respiratory membrane & Thylakoid Membrane \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Cyanobacteria-{}-\textgreater{} started O2 release}}} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.28942 cm} x{2.68758 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Metabolic Diversity of Prokaryotes}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Carbon Source}} & {\bf{Energy Source}} \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
A. Autotrophs\{\{nl\}\}B. Heterotrophs & A.Phototrophs\{\{nl\}\}B.Chemotrophs\{\{nl\}\}-{}-Organic (Chemo{\bf{organo}}trophs)\{\{nl\}\}-{}-Inorganic (Chemo{\bf{litho}}trophs) \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Prokaryotic metabolism varies with respect to O2}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Obligate aerobes require O2 for cellular respiration} \tn 
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% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Obligate anaerobes are poisoned by O2 and use fermentation or {\bf{anaerobic respiration,}} in which substances other than O2 act as electron acceptors} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Facultatice anaerobes use O2 if it is available, but can survive without it} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Nitrogen Metabolism}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Prokaryotes ungergo NITROGEN FIXATION} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Additional Points}}} \tn 
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% Row 9
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{1. Source of Carbon: {\emph{biomolecules have carbon skeletons\{\{nl\}\}-Where does the organism get the carbon atom from?\{\{nl\}\}-{}-{\bf{heterotrophs}}: Organic molecules}}} \tn 
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% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{2. Aquire energy to arrange carbon atoms\{\{nl\}\}-{\emph{phototrophs=sun}}\{\{nl\}\}-{\emph{Chemotrophs=organic}}} \tn 
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% Row 11
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Oxygen has nothing to do with this at this time} \tn 
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% Row 12
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Phacaltative}}: can survive with or without O2} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Nitrogen Metabolism}}:Need nitrogen!\{\{nl\}\}-can only get it from other molecules} \tn 
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% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{only thing that can break the triple bond of nitrogen is prokaryotes. N2= most on earth}}} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.28942 cm} x{2.68758 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Metabolic Diversity of Prokaryotes (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{-not found purely in the environment. "chillin with other species"} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.94103 cm} x{3.03597 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Domains}}  \tn
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{\bf{Bacteria - prokaryotic}} & most abundant organisms on earth. Highly diverse and poorly understood. \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Archaea - prokaryotic}} & But different from bacteria. Very poorly understood \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Each domain is monophyletic}}} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
Monophyletic & Contain all decendents of common ancestor \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{First Cellular Life Form Appearance}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{3.9 Billion Years Ago} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{For 3.9 Billion Years life has been evolving to the present life forms} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- Humans organise life by phylogeny} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Closest \# = least \# of nucleotide differences}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{more differences in sequence, the longer the time difference}}} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Interesting Facts}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{It is estimated that only 1-10\% of bacteria species are know} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{We think that maybe 1\% of archaea species are known} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Why are so few prokaryotic species known?}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{We dont know more about bacteria because they have just been studied by growing them in a lab.} \tn 
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% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Most bacteria metabolisms are so complex they cant figure out how to get them to grow on their own, in a lab} \tn 
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% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Cell walls are found in which of the following domains?}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- Cell walls in all domains (cell walls are made of peptidoglycans)} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Prokaryotic Shape}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{There is no correlation between prokaryotic cell shape and gram-stain or other test}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Bacillus}}: 0.5um} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Coccus}}: 2um \{\{nl\}\}{\emph{strep}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Spirillum}}: 3um \{\{nl\}\}{\emph{lyme disease}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{There is no correlation between prokaryotic cell shape and gram-stain or other test} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bacterial Cell Wall}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Bacteria can be classified by their cell wall} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Gram (+) & Gram (-) \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- Teichoic acid only in G+ & - LPS major endotoxin \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
- Lipoteichoic Acid (LTA) & Thin peptidoglycan and outer/inner membrane \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
peptidoglycan very thick and only one membrane & - Outer lipid-{}-\textgreater{} LPS \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{one of the major endotoxins that causes the body to get sick}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Cell wall of bacteria=traditional classification}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Gram stains change approach to treatment}}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{The Gram Stain-Identifies Bacterial Category}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{1. Bacteria are stained with crystal violet\{\{nl\}\}{\emph{all cells are stained purple}}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{2. Iodine stabilizes the crystal violet with the cellular material} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{3. Alcohol may extract the crystal violet from the cell\{\{nl\}\}{\emph{The stain complex is removed from the gram-negative cells (makes them white/clear) and remains in the gram-positive cells (stays purple)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 4)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{4. Bacteria are stained with safanin\{\{nl\}\}{\emph{Gram-negative cells are stained pink; gram ppositive cells are still purple}}} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{All microbes can be stained in this way. But with cells {\bf{in the Domain Bacteria}} (only), the staining makes predictions about envelope structure.\{\{nl\}\}{\emph{cell wall and membranes}}} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bacterial Cell Wall (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Other Notes}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Alcohol breaks down membrane and wash out iodine\{\{nl\}\}- + doesn't allow this to happen} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{This procedure only works for bacteria} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}