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  /Subject (Psychopathology COMP Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Psychopathology COMP Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Overview}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Psychological disorder}}, a psychological dysfunction within an individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected.} \tn 
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{\bf{Psychological dysfunction}} refers to a breakdown in cognitive, emo- tional, or behavioral functioning. & Many mental health professionals take a scientific approach to their clinical work and therefore are {\emph{scientist-practitioners}} \tn 
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{\bf{Three major categories make up the study and discussion of psychological disorders}}: {\emph{clinical description, causation (etiology), treatment and outcome}} & {\bf{Etiology}}, or the study of origins, has to do with why a disorder begins (what causes it) and includes biological, psychological, and social dimensions. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Some disorders have an {\bf{acute onset}}, meaning that they begin suddenly; others develop gradually over an extended period, which is sometimes called an {\bf{insidious onset}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{some disorders, such as schizophrenia, follow a {\bf{chronic course}}, meaning that they tend to last a long time, sometimes a lifetime. Other disorders, like mood disorders, follow an {\bf{episodic course}}, in that the individual is likely to recover within a few months only to suffer a recurrence of the disorder at a later time.} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Overview (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{link="https://psychcentral.com/disorders/dsm-iv-diagnostic-codes\#what-is-it"\}\}DSM CODES OVERVIEW\{\{/link\}\}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Perhaps the biggest change that has been seen with the release of DSM-5 is the removal of the multi-axial diagnostic system} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Prognosis}} the likely future course of a disorder} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The dimensional approach to classification of mental disorders differs from the categorical approach because the dimensional system provides scales that indicate the degree to which patients are experiencing various cognitions, moods, and behaviors.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{History}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Three Dominant Traditions}}: {\emph{Supernatural, Biological, Psychological}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Deviant behavior as a reflection of the battle between good and evil (late 14th century to the 17th) Treatments included exorcism, beatings, and crude surgeries.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{An equally strong opinion, even during this period, reflected the  enlightened view that insanity was a natural phenomenon, caused  by mental or emotional stress, and that it was curable. Common treatments were rest, sleep, and  a healthy and happy environment. Other treatments included baths, ointments, and various potions.} \tn 
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Hippocrates}} (460–377 b.c.) is considered to be the father of modern Western medicine. Suggested that psychological disorders could be treated like any other disease.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Galen}} (a.d. 129–198) adopted the ideas of Hippocrates within the biological tradition that extended well into the 19th century. Assumed that normal brain functioning was related to four bodily fluids or humors: blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm. Improper balance causes the disorders.} \tn 
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% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Galenic}}-Hippocratic Tradition linked abnormality with brain chemical  imbalances, foreshadowed modern views} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{General Paresis}} (Syphilis) and the Biological  Link With Madness- discovers bacterial microorganism as a cause of some symptoms, led to penicillin. bolstered the view that mental illness equals a physical illness} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{History (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Grey}} (19th century) the conditions in hospitals greatly improved and they became more humane, livable institutions. Treatments psychotropic medications, electric shock, crude surgery, insulin, major/minor tranquilizers} \tn 
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% Row 8
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Kraeplin}} Diagnosis and Classification, Increased role of science in psychopathology Increased hospitalization. Mental illness often seen as untreatable condition} \tn 
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% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{The Rise of Moral Therapy}} became popular in first half of 19th Century. The practice of allowing institutionalized patients to be treated  as normal as possible and to encourage and reinforce social  interaction} \tn 
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% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Pinel and Pussin (patients shouldn't be restrained), Tuke followed their lead in England, Rush led reforms in the United States, Dix (mental hygiene movement)} \tn 
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% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Reasons for the Falling Out of Moral Therapy}}: the emergence of competing alternative psychological models, difficult to care for the influx of patience} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Freudian Theory}} of the structure and function of the mind emerged {\bf{Later Developments}} Anna Freud (self-psychology), Melanie Klein \& Otto Kernberg (object relations theory)} \tn 
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% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{The Neo-Freudians: Departures From Freudian Thought}}: De-emphasized the sexual core of Freud's theory. Jung (collective unconscious), Adler (focused on inferiority), Horney, Fromm, and Erickson} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{History (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Humanistic Theory}}: Maslow (50s \&60s Hierarchy of Needs), Rogers (50s-80s person centered therapy)} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{The Behavioral Model}}: Classical Conditioning (Pavlov; Watson)} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Early Pioneers of Behavioral Therapy}} Wolpe (Systematic desensitization) Operant Conditioning Thorndike (law of effect), Skinner (shaping)} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{The Present: An Integrative Approach}}: Must consider reciprocal relations between biological, psychological, social, and experiential factors, CBT (Beck \& Ellis)} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Assessing Disorders}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Purpose}}, understanding the individual, predicting behavior, treatment planning, evaluating outcomes} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Key Concepts}}: reliability (test-retest, inter-rater), validity (concurrent, predictive), standardization} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{The Clinical Interview}}: Structured, Assesses multiple domains: current and past behavior, attitudes, emotions, detailed history, presenting problem} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The Clinical Interview: {\bf{Mental Status Exam}}: appearance, motor, speech, affect \& mood, thought content/process, perception, intellect, insight} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Physical Exam}}: Diagnose or rule out physical etiologies, toxicities, medication side effects, allergic reactions, metabolic conditions} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Behavioral Assessment}}: Identification and observation of target behaviors. The ABCs (cognitive-behavioral model) Antecedents, Behavior, Consequences. Formal vs. informal, Self-monitoring vs. others observing.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Psychological Testing}}: Cognition, Emotion, Behavior. Neuropsychological testing, Neuroimaging} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Neuropsychological Testing}}: Assess: Broad base of skills and abilities, Brain-behavior relations, Assets and deficits} \tn 
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% Row 8
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Neuroimaging}}: Pictures of the Brain: CAT/CT x-rays of the brain in slices, MRI high resolution images, PET and SPECT reveals metabolic deficiencies , fMRI studies brain activity, EEG brain waves} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Assessing Disorders (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Psychophysiological Assessment}}: Studies other biological responses: Electrodermal (Galvanic skin response), Biofeedback. Assessing response to stimuli is useful in disorders strong emotional component.} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Anxiety, Trauma \& Stress, OC Disorders}}  \tn
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{\emph{Fear}}: Immediate, present-oriented, Sympathetic nervous system activation & {\emph{Anxiety}}: Apprehensive, future-oriented, Somatic symptoms equals tension. In Japan, the anxiety syndrome termed taijin kyofusho involves a fear of personally offending others \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Panic attacks}}: abrupt experience of intense fear. Expected or Unexpected. Panic attack studies suggest that men consume alcohol to deal with panic attacks.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{An Integrated Model}}: Triple vulnerability: Generalized biological vulnerability (Diathesis) Generalized psychological vulnerability (Beliefs/perceptions) Specific psychological vulnerability (Learning/modeling)} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Types of anxiety disorders}}: Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia, Specific Phobias, Social Anxiety Disorder, Separation Anxiety Disorder, Selective Mutism} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{link="https://psychcentral.com/anxiety/anxiety-disorders-and-phobias-in-the-dsm-5"\}\}DSM ANXIETY DISORDERS\{\{/link\}\}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Other disorders}}: Selective Mutism, PTSD, Reactive Attachment Disorder, Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder, OCD, Obsessions, Compulsions, Tic Disorder, Body Dysmorphic Disorder, Hoarding Disorder, Trichotillomania (Hair Pulling  Disorder), Excoriation (Skin Picking  Disorder),} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Anxiety, Trauma \& Stress, OC Disorders (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{link="https://psychcentral.com/ptsd/dsm-5-trauma-ptsd-stress-related-disorders"\}\}DSM TRAUMA \& STRESS DISORDERS\{\{/link\}\}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{link="https://psychcentral.com/ocd/dsm-5-changes-obsessive-compulsive-and-related-disorders"\}\}DSM OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDERS\{\{/link\}\}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Treatments of GAD}}: {\emph{Pharmacological}} (Benzodiazepines, Antidepressants), {\emph{Psychological}} (CBT, acceptance, meditation)} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Treatments of Panic Disorders and Agoraphobia}}: {\emph{Medications}} (SSRIs, serotonergic, noradrenergic, benzodiazepine GABA), {\emph{Psychological intervention}}: Exposure- based, Reality testing, Relaxation, Breathing, {\emph{Panic control treatment (PCT)}}, Exposure to interoceptive cues, Cognitive therapy, Relaxation/breathing, {\emph{CBT}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Treatments of Social Phobia}}: {\emph{Medications}} (Beta blockers, SSRI, D-cycloserine),} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Treatment for Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders}}: CBT (Exposure, Imaginal, Graduated or massed), Increase positive coping skills, Increase social support, catharsis, medications (SSRIs), PERMA therapy} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} {\bf{Other}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The setting for posttraumatic stress disorder to occur follows an experience accompanied by a triad of feelings: Horror, Helplessness, Fear} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{One difference between panic disorders and PTSD is panic disorder but not PTSD has a biological vulnerability} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Anxiety, Trauma \& Stress, OC Disorders (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Richard, the patient with OCD described in the textbook, was compelled to take very small steps as he walked and to look back repeatedly. As with other types of checking compulsions, Richard was trying to ward off an imagined disaster.} \tn 
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the prevalence of OCD is very similar across cultures. & The most common anxiety disorder of childhood is separation anxiety \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The behavioral process in which OCD patients are not permitted to carry out their compulsions while in the presence of the anxiety producing stimulus or situation is called exposure and ritual prevention.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Although both panic disorder patients and persons with somatic symptom disorder tend to misinterpret bodily sensations, patients with panic disorder tend to fear immediate catastrophe, while those with somatic symptom disorder tend to fear long-term illness.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Somatic Symptom \& Dissociative Disorders}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Soma = Body, Preoccupation with health or appearance} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Types of Somatic Disorders}}: Somatic symptom disorder, Illness anxiety disorder, Conversion disorder, Factitious disorder} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{link="https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/somatic-symptom-disorder/what-is-somatic-symptom-disorder"\}\}DSM SOMATIC DISORDERS\{\{/link\}\}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Treatment for Somatic Disorders}}: Psychodynamic (uncover unconscious conflict), Education \& Support, CBT} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder Types}}: Depersonalization Disorder, Dissociative Amnesia, Dissociative Fugue, Dissociative Trance Disorder, Dissociative Identity Disorder} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{link="https://psychcentral.com/disorders/types-of-dissociative-disorders\#overview"\}\}DSM \seqsplit{DEPERSONALIZATION-DEREALIZATION} DISORDERS\{\{/link\}\}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Treatment of \seqsplit{Depersonalization-Derealization} Disorders}}:  (similar to somatic symptom disorder), Attending to trauma, Remove secondary gain, Reduce supportive consequences, Reward positive health behaviors {\bf{Treatment of DID}}: (similar to PTSD treatment), Reintegration of identities, Identify and neutralize cues/triggers, Visualization, Coping, Hypnosis} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} {\bf{Other}}} \tn 
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% Row 8
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Conversion disorder symptoms generally appear shortly after some marked stress} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{A commonly-seen form of factitious disorder imposed on another is a set of conditions that is an atypical form of child abuse.} \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Somatic Symptom \& Dissociative Disorders (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{During a dissociative fugue state, it is not uncommon for individuals to take on a new identify} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{In dissociative amnesia, the individual typically has not memory of  selective events or emotional tone attached to them, particularly those involving trauma} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{One distinction that may help determine those with DID from individuals who are malingering (faking their symptoms) is that malingerers are usually eager to demonstrate their symptoms.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Depersonalization is defined as altered perception including loss of the sense of one's own reality. Derealization is defined as altered perception involving loss of the sense of reality of the external world} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 5)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{One reason that DID can be misdiagnosed as psychosis is that auditory hallucinations are common in both disorders.} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mood Disorders \& Suicide}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Mood disorders = gross deviations in mood {\bf{Mood Disorder Types}}: Major depressive episodes, Manic episodes, Hypomanic episodes} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Types of Mood Episodes}}: {\emph{Hypomanic episode}} (Shorter, less severe version of manic episodes), {\emph{Mixed features}} (term for a mood episode with some elements reflecting the opposite valence of mood)} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{The Structure of Mood Disorders}}: {\emph{Unipolar mood disorder}}: (Only one extreme of mood is experienced), {\emph{Bipolar mood disorder}}: (Both depressed and elevated moods are experienced)} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{(Unipolar) Depressive Disorders}}: Major depressive disorder, Persistent depressive disorder, Premenstrual dysphoric disorder, Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{link="https://psychcentral.com/depression/dsm-5-changes-depression-depressive-disorders"\}\}DSM DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS\{\{/link\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Specifier}}: Additional diagnostic label used by clinicians to convey extra information about symptoms.} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Psychotic features specifier}}: {\emph{Hallucinations}}: Sensory experience in the absence of sensory input {\emph{Delusions}}: Strongly held inaccurate beliefs, {\bf{Anxious distress specifier}}: depression accompanied by anxiousness, {\bf{Mixed features specifier}}: depressive symptoms with manic symptoms, {\bf{Melancholic features specifier}}: depression with additional severe symptoms, {\bf{Catatonic features specifier}}: muscular symptoms, {\bf{Atypical features specifier}}: symptoms that are less common, {\bf{Peripartum onset specifier}}: occurs around the time of birth, {\bf{Seasonal pattern specifier}}: occurs during certain seasons (usually winter)} \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 13)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mood Disorders \& Suicide (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{From Grief to Depression}}: {\emph{Acute grief}}: Occurs immediately after loss {\emph{Integrated grief}}: Eventual coming to terms with meaning of the loss {\emph{Complicated grief}}: Persistent acute grief and inability to come to terms with loss} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Bipolar Disorders}}: {\emph{Bipolar I disorder}}, Alternations between major depressive episodes and manic episodes, {\emph{Bipolar II disorder}} Alternations between major depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes, {\emph{Cyclothymic disorder}} Alternations between less severe depressive and hypomanic periods} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 6)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{link="https://psychcentral.com/lib/how-is-bipolar-disorder-diagnosed\#symptoms"\}\}DSM BIPOLAR DISORDER\{\{/link\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Causes: An Integrative Theory}}: Biological and psychological vulnerabilities  interact with stressful life events to cause depression {\emph{Biological vulnerability}}: e.g., overactive  neurobiological response to stress {\emph{Psychological vulnerability}}: e.g., depressive cognitive style} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 6)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Treatment of Mood Disorders}}: {\emph{Antidepressants}} (SSRIs, Tricyclic antidepressants, Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, Mixed reuptake inhibitors), Lithium, ECT, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Psychosocial Treatments for Depression}}: CBT, Interpersonal Psychotherapy, Prevention \& Relapse & {\bf{Psychosocial Treatments for Bipolar Disorders}}: Medication (Lithium is still first line of defense), Psychotherapy helpful in managing problems (interpersonal, occupational), Family therapy \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mood Disorders \& Suicide (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} {\bf{Other}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The rapid-cycling specifier refers to an individual with bipolar disorder who experiences at least 4 manic or depressive episodes in a year.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Bipolar disorders occur equally across the sexes.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{All of the following are side effects of lithium therapy: lack of energy, toxicity, lowered thyroid functioning} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{One of the problems encountered by psychiatrists who prescribe medication for patients with bipolar disorder is that patients often stop taking the medication in order to bring on a manic state.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Eating \& Sleep-Wake Disorders}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Types of Eating Disorders}}: Bulimia nervosa, Anorexia nervosa, Binge-eating disorder} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Bulimia Subtypes}}: Purging (most common), Nonpurging {\bf{Associated psychological disorders}}: Anxiety, Mood disorders, Substance abuse} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Anorexia Nervosa Subtypes}}: Restricting, Binge-eating-purging {\bf{Associated psychological disorders}}: Anxiety, OCD, Mood disorders, Substance abuse, Suicide} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{link="https://psychcentral.com/eating-disorders/types-of-eating-disorders"\}\}DSM EATING DISORDERS\{\{/link\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Treatment of Eating Disorders}}: Antidepressants, CBT, Interpersonal psychotherapy {\bf{Treatment of Anorexia}}: Weight restoration, Target dysfunctional attitudes (Body shape, Control, Thinness = worth), Family involvement} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Sleep–Wake Disorders}}:  {\emph{Dyssomnias}} (Quantity, Quality, Sleep onset), {\emph{Parasomnias}} (Abnormal behavioral, Physiological events) {\bf{Dyssomnias}}: Insomnia, Hypersomnolence Disorders, Narcolepsy, Breathing-related sleep disorders, Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder {\bf{Parasomnias}}: Nightmares, Sleepwalking (Somnambulism, Sexsomnia), Sleep terrors} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 7)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{link="https://psychcentral.com/disorders/sleep\#about"\}\}DSM SLEEP DISORDERS\{\{/link\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Medical Treatment of Sleep Disorders}}: Benzodiazepines, Stimulants, Antidepressants, Ferber Sleep Training {\bf{Prevention}}: Improving sleep hygiene, Educating parents about child's sleep patterns} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Eating \& Sleep-Wake Disorders (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} {\bf{Other}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The best evidence that binge-eating disorder (BED) may not just be a special case of bulimia nervosa is that there is a greater likelihood of remission and a better response to treatment for BED.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{African Americans ad less body dissatisfaction, fewer weight concerns, and a more positive body image when compared to Caucasian adolescent girls} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Dietary restraint studies suggest that people who are starved may become preoccupied with food and eating.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
CBT and IPT had equivalent rates of helping bulimia clients improve. & Learning has a role in the maintenance of sleep disorders. \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Sleep disorders are appropriately diagnosed based on quality and quantity of sleep as well as daytime sequelae (how the individual feels when awake).} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Adolescents tend to shift toward a biologically determined later sleep schedule.} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Personality Disorders}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Personality disorders}}: A persistent pattern of emotions, cognitions and behavior that results in enduring emotional distress for the person affected and/or for others and may  cause difficulties with work and relationships} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{link="https://www.verywellmind.com/personality-disorders-a2-425427\#toc-diagnosis"\}\}DSM PERSONALITY DISORDERS\{\{/link\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Personality Disorder Clusters}}: {\emph{Cluster A}} Odd or eccentric, Paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal {\emph{Cluster B}} Dramatic, emotional, erratic, Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic {\emph{Cluster C}} Fearful or anxious, Avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Cluster A: Paranoid}}: Unlikely too seek help on their own. Focus on developing trust. May use CBT. {\bf{Cluster A: Schizoid}}: Unlikely to seek help. Focus on relationships and social skills training. {\bf{Cluster A: Schizotypal}}: Treatment of comorbid depression. Multidimensional approach (Social skill training, Antipsychotic medications, Community treatment)} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 8)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Cluster B: Antisocial}}: Unlikely to seek help on own, Prevention, Parent training (Rewards for pro-social behaviors, Skills training, Improve social competence) {\bf{Cluster B: Borderline}}: Highly likely to seek treatment, Antidepressants, DBT {\bf{Cluster B: Histrionic}}: Treatment focus on interpersonal relationships {\bf{Cluster B: Narcissistic}}: Treatment focuses on Grandiosity and Lack of empathy} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Personality Disorders (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Cluster C: Avoidant}}: Treatment is to increase social skills {\bf{Cluster C: Dependent}}: Gradual increases in Independence, Personal responsibility, Confidence {\bf{Cluster C: Obsessive-Compulsive}}: Treatment address fears related to the need for orderliness} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Other}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{One of the most unreliable categories in current classification} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{men and women with the Type A behavioral pattern were twice as likely to develop coronary heart disease than were non-Type A individuals.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{One prevalent outcome for individuals with schizoid personality disorder is homelessness} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The disorder that shares many similar symptoms with schizophrenia is schizotypal personality disorder.} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Substance abuse is particularly common in people with antisocial personality disorder, occurring in 60\% of people with this diagnosis.} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
Recent research is refining the search for genes that cause antisocial personality disorder. & Recent research on neuropsychological tests indicates that psychopaths score equally as well as non-psychopaths. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 6)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Since research suggests that those with psychopathy are generally under aroused, and thus engage in actions to compensate for this lack of stimulus input.} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Personality Disorders (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Emotional dysfunction is one of the best predictors of suicide in people with borderline personality disorder & One of the influences associated with the development of borderline personality disorder is history of child abuse or neglect. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Without understanding the thought process motivating the patient's behavior, it would probably be impossible to determine whether a patient had schizoid personality disorder or avoidant personality disorder} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{hallucinations and delusions are a part of the symptom pattern in: Schizoaffective disorder, Schizophreniform disorder, Brief psychotic disorder} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Physical Disorders and Health Psychology}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Psychological, behavioral, and social factors  contribute to illness and disease & Two primary paths: Psychological factors influence biological  processes, Behavior patterns increase disease risk \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{The biology of stress}}: SNS activation, Neuromodulators and neuropeptides, HPA axis activation, Limbic system activation, Chronic stress may damage cells in the  hippocampus, thus maintaining the HPA loop} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Immune response is affected by psychological factors {\emph{Psychoneuroimmunology}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Cancer Distress}}: Perceived lack of control, Poor coping responses (e.g., denial), Stressful life events, Life-style risk behaviors & {\bf{Cancer}}: {\emph{Psychosocial treatments improve}}: Health habits, Treatment adherence, Endocrine function, Stress response/coping \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 7)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Coronary Heart Disease Psychological and behavioral risk factors}}: Stress, anxiety, anger, Poor coping skills , Low social support} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Psychological and social factors contributing to distress of Chronic Pain}}: Perceived control, Negative emotion, Poor coping skills, Low social support, Compensation, Social reinforcement} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Psychosocial Treatment of Physical Disorders }}: Biofeedback (Monitor and control bodily responses, Increase sense of control), Relaxation and meditation, Comprehensive programs (Monitor and identify stressful events, Monitor somatic symptoms, Muscle relaxation, Cognitive therapy, Increase coping strategies)} \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Physical Disorders and Health Psychology (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Females may have an "extra" pain-regulating pathway focused on relieving pain associated with the reproductive system. One implication of this biological gender difference is that males and females may benefit from different kinds of medications and different kinds of pain management.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sexual Dysfunctions, Disorders, and Dysphoria}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Overview}}: Sexual dysfunctions involve desire, arousal, and/or orgasm, Pain associated with sex can lead to additional dysfunction. Males and females experience parallel versions of most dysfunctions} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Gender Differences}}: {\emph{Men}}: Show more sexual desire and arousal, Self-concept includes power and independence {\emph{Women}}: Emphasize context of committed relationship, Sexual beliefs are more easily shaped by cultural, situational, and social factors} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Classification of Sexual Dysfunctions}}: Lifelong vs. acquired, Generalized vs. situational, Psychological factors alone, Psychological factors combined with medical condition} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Types of Sexual Disorders}}: Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder, Erectile Disorder, Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder, Female Orgasmic Disorder, Premature ejaculation, Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration  Disorder} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{link="https://psychcentral.com/disorders/sex-overview\#dsm-5-diagnoses"\}\}DSM SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION DISORDERS\{\{/link\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Treatment of Sexual Dysfunction}}: Education, Masters and Johnson's psychosocial intervention (Education about sexual response, foreplay, etc, Sensate focus and nondemand pleasuring), Additional psychosocial procedures (Squeeze technique–premature ejaculation, Masturbatory training–female orgasm disorder, Use of dilators-vaginismus, Exposure to erotic material–low sexual desire problems)} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sexual Dysfunctions, Disorders, and Dysphoria (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Paraphilic Disorders}}–misplaced sexual attraction and arousal. {\bf{Types}}: {\emph{Fetishistic disorder}} (attraction to nonhuman objects), {\emph{Voyeuristic disorder}} (observing an unsuspecting individual), {\emph{Exhibitionistic disorder}} (exposure of genitals to unsuspecting strangers), {\emph{Frotteuristic disorder}} (rubbing up against unwilling others), {\emph{Transvestic disorder}} (arousal with cross-dressing), {\emph{Sexual sadism disorder}} (Inflicting pain or humiliation), {\emph{Sexual masochism disorder}} (suffering pain or humiliation), {\emph{Pedophilic disorder}} (attraction to prepubescent children)} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 12)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Interventions for Paraphilic Disorders}}: {\emph{Covert sensitization}}: imagining aversive consequences to form negative associations with deviant (e.g., pedophilic) behavior, {\emph{Orgasmic reconditioning}}: masturbation to appropriate (adult) stimuli, {\emph{Family/marital therapy}}: address interpersonal problems, {\emph{Coping and relapse prevention}}: self-control and risk management, Drug Treatments} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 8)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Treating Gender Dysphoria}}: Sex Reassignment Surgery} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} {\bf{Other}}} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Side effects of the tricyclic antidepressants include sexual dysfunction} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Sexual dysfunctions are equally common in heterosexuals and homosexuals.} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{questionnaires may be better when assessing sexual behavior because people may provide more sexual information in writing than during an interview.} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sexual Dysfunctions, Disorders, and Dysphoria (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{One of the most important skills that therapists must possess when conducting an interview regarding sexual behavior is demonstrating that they are comfortable talking about sexual issues.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Two very common medical causes of erectile dysfunction are vascular disease and diabetes.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Substance and Addictive Disorders}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Substance-related disorders}}: Use and abuse of psychoactive substances, Significant impairment {\bf{Impulse-control disorders}}: Inability to resist acting on drives or impulses & {\bf{Levels of involvement}}: Substance use, Substance intoxication, Substance abuse, Substance dependence \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Main Categories of Substances}}: Depressants, Stimulants, Opiates, Hallucinogens, Caffeine, Inhalants, Marijuana, Anabolic steroids, Medications, Gambling} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Alcohol-Related Disorders}}: Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Jellinek's four stage model}}: 1.{\emph{prealcoholic stage}} (drinking occasionally with few serious consequences), 2. {\emph{prodromal stage}} (drinking heavily but with few outward signs of a problem), 3. {\emph{crucial stage}} (loss of control, with occasional binges), 4. {\emph{chronic stage}} (the primary daily activities involve getting and drinking alcohol)} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 7)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{link="https://psychcentral.com/addictions/addictions\#symptoms"\}\}DSM SUBSTANCE DISORDERS\{\{/link\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Treatment of Substance-Related Disorders}}: Agonist substitution, Antagonistic treatment, Aversive treatment, Medications, Inpatient facilities, Alcoholics anonymous, Controlled use, Component treatment (Individual and group therapy, Aversion therapy, Covert sensitization, Contingency management), Community reinforcement, Relapse prevention} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Substance and Addictive Disorders (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Impulse-Control Disorders}}: Intermittent explosive disorder, Kleptomania, Pyromania} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{link="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/impulse-control-disorders\#types"\}\}DSM IMPULSE CONTROL DISORDERS\{\{/link\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} {\bf{Other}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Blackouts appear to be related to the interaction of alcohol with the glutamate system} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The common factor among psychoactive drugs may be  their ability to activate the "pleasure pathways" of the brain.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{some of the students begin drinking because they think it will have positive effects on their social behavior and cognitive and motor skills, a phenomenon called an expectancy effect} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{LSD is chemically similar to serotonin. Mescaline is chemically similar to norepinephrine. A number of hallucinogens are chemically similar to acetylcholine.} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Schizophrenia \& Other Psychotic Disorders}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia}}: Active manifestations (Delusions, Hallucinations), Exaggerations or excesses {\bf{Negative Symptoms}}: Disorganized speech, Inappropriate affect/emotional expression, Unusual movements} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Other Psychotic Disorders}}: {\emph{Schizophreniform disorder}} (Schizophrenic symptoms for only a few months), {\emph{Schizoaffective disorder}} (Symptoms of schizophrenia plus a mood disorder), {\emph{Delusional disorder}} (types: Erotomanic, Grandiose, Jealous, Persecutory, Somatic, Folie a deux), {\emph{Substance-induced psychotic disorder, Psychotic disorder associated with another medical condition}}, {\emph{Brief psychotic disorder}} (One or more positive symptoms which lasts 1 month or less), {\emph{Schizotypal personality disorder}} (symptoms are similar to schizophrenia but less severe)} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 12)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{link="https://www.mentalhelp.net/schizophrenia/the-new-dsm-5/\#:\textasciitilde{}:text=Schizophrenia\%3A\%20Criterion\%20A\%20lists\%20the,these\%205\%20symptoms\%20were\%20required."\}\}DSM SCHIZOPHRENIA\{\{/link\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Treatment of Schizophrenia}}: Antipsychotic medications (neuroleptics), Behavioral Therapy, Community care programs, Social and living skills training, Behavioral family therapy, Vocational rehabilitation, Virtual reality technology, Assertive community treatment} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Autism Spectrum Disorders}}: A complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized  by abnormalities in social behavior, language and  communication skills, and unusual behaviors and interests {\bf{Common Accompanying Disorders}}: Intellectual disability, Epilepsy, ADHD, conduct problems, anxieties and fears, and mood problems} \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Schizophrenia \& Other Psychotic Disorders (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{link="https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/hcp-dsm.html"\}\}DSM AUTISM\{\{/link\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Autism Spectrum Treatments}}: There are about 400 different treatments, Goals: Minimize core problems, Maximize independence and quality of life, Help the child and family cope more effectively with the disorder} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Other}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Dopamine is most closely linked to positive symptoms of schizophrenia.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Making the diagnosis of schizophrenia is controversial because the symptoms can vary as a function of culture or race.} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The neuroleptic drugs introduced in the 1950s affect primarily the positive symptoms of schizophrenia} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Neurocognitive Disorders}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Three classes}}: Delirium – temporary confusion and disorientation, mild neurocognitive disorder, major neurocognitive disorder, amnesia} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Subtypes of delirium}}: Delirium due to a general medical condition, Substance-induced delirium, Delirium due to multiple etiologies, Delirium not otherwise specified {\bf{Treatment}}: Treat underlying medical or withdrawal problems, Psychosocial interventions (Education, Reassurance, Coping strategies), Treat acute delirium with medication} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Major neurocognitive disorder}} (previously labeled  dementia) is a gradual deterioration of brain functioning{\bf{ Mild neurocognitive disorder}} is a new DSM-5 disorder that was created to focus attention on the early stages of cognitive decline} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Neurocognitive Disorders Affect: {\bf{Sustained attention}} The ability to attend to a stimulus or activity over a long period of time {\bf{Focused Attention}} Refers to our ability to focus attention on a stimulus {\bf{Arousal}} Refers to our activation level and level of alertness} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{link="https://psychcentral.com/disorders/symptoms-of-major-neurocognitive-disorder"\}\}DSM MAJOR NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDER\{\{/link\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{link="https://psychcentral.com/disorders/symptoms-of-mild-neurocognitive-disorder"\}\}DSM MILD NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER\{\{/link\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Causes}}: Dementia of the Alzheimer's type, Vascular injury, Frontotemporal degeneration, Traumatic brain injury, Lewy body disease, Parkinson's disease, HIV infection, Substance use, Huntington's disease, Prion disease,  Normal pressure hydrocephalus (excessive water in the cranium resulting from brain shrinkage), Hypothyroidism (an underactive thyroid gland), Brain Tumor, Vitamin B12 deficiency, Head Trauma} \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Neurocognitive Disorders (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Alzheimer's Disease}}: Develop gradually and steadily, Confusion, \seqsplit{Agitation/combativeness}, Depression, Anxious, Sundowner syndrome & {\bf{Vascular Neurocognitive Disorder}}: Progressive brain disorder, Blockage or damage to blood vessels, Onset is often sudden (Stroke) \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Frontotemporal Neurocognitive Disorder}}: Damage the frontal or temporal regions of the brain, Two types: Declines in appropriate behavior, Declines language & {\bf{Traumatic Brain Injury}}: Neurocognitive disorder due to traumatic brain injury -  includes symptoms that persist for at least a week  following the trauma, including executive dysfunction \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 10)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Pick's disease}}: Rare neurological condition. Cortical impairment pattern, Early onset=40s or 50s & {\bf{Lewy body}}: Lewy bodies are microscopic deposits of a protein that damage brain cells over time \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 6)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Parkinson's Disease}}: Degenerative brain disorder, Dopamine pathway damage, Motor problems} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Huntington's disease}}: Genetic autosomal dominant disorder, Early onset=40s or 50s & {\bf{Prion Disease}}: Always fatal, Linked to mad cow disease, {\emph{Type of Prion Disease: Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease}} \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Neurocognitive Disorders (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Treatment}}: Early intervention is critical, Three areas of focus (Prevent certain conditions, Delaying onset, Cope with the advancing deterioration), Multidimensional treatment, Focus on slowing the progression, Medications, Psychosocial treatments} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} {\bf{Other}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Language functions are housed primarily in the Left temporal lobe} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Legal and Ethical Issues}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Civil commitment laws}} detail when a person can be  legally declared to have a mental illness and be placed in a hospital for treatment {\bf{General criteria}}: Mentally ill \& needs treatment, Dangerous to self or others, Gravely disabled (Inability to care for self)} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Governmental authority}} (Police Power: Health, Welfare, Safety of society) (Parens patriae: State acts a surrogate parent) {\emph{Supreme Court}} Restrictions on involuntary commitment (Insufficient grounds: Non-dangerous person, Need for treatment alone, Gravely disabled)} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Initial stages}}: Person fails to seek help, Others feel that help is needed, Petition is made to a judge, Individual must be notified {\bf{Subsequent stages}}: Involves normal legal proceedings, Judge makes determination, Assisted outpatient treatment (AOT)} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Consequences of Supreme Court rulings}} Criminalization of the mentally ill, Deinstitutionalization and homelessness, \seqsplit{Transinstitutionalization}} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Criminal commitment}} {\emph{Nature}}: Accused of committing a crime, Detainment in mental health facility for evaluation, Fitness to stand trial (Findings: Guilty, Not guilty by reason of insanity)} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Insanity Defense}}: {\emph{M'Naughten rule}} Don't know what they're doing, Don't know it is wrong {\emph{Durham rule}} Includes mental disease or defect {\emph{American Law Institute Standard}} Knowledge of right vs. wrong, Self-control, Diminished capacity (Mens rea, actus rea)} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Legal and Ethical Issues (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Competence to Stand Trial}}: Requirements: Understand legal charges, Ability to assist in defense, Essential for legal processes, Burden of proof = defense} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Mental Health Professionals as Expert Witness}} Specialized knowledge and expertise, Competency determinations, Assess risk - dangerousness, Reliable DSM diagnoses, Advise the court (Psychological assessment, Diagnosis), Assess malingering} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{The right to treatment}} Must treat if involuntarily committed, Reduce symptoms, Provide humane} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{The Rights Research Participants}}: Right to be Informed About the Research, Right to Privacy, Right to be Treated with Respect and Dignity, Right to be Protected from Physical and Mental Harm, Right to Chose or Refuse to Participate in  Research, Right to Anonymity in Report of Study Findings, Right to Safeguarding of Records} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 7)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Clinical Practice Guidelines}}: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, APA practice guidelines} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Other}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Current research into neurotransmitter systems has produced the "permissive" hypothesis, which states that when serotonin levels are low, other neurotransmitter systems become dysregulated and contribute to mood irregularities.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{patients' noncompliance with medication may be due to: negative patient-doctor relationship, cost of medication, negative side effects} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{An intellectual disability has three parts, significant subaverage intellectual functioning, concurrent deficits or impairment in adaptive functioning and onset before age 18} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Mental illness as used in the legal system is unique to each state (.i.e., civil commitment criteria)} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}