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\author{MJC3}
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  /Title (medicinal-compounds-from-plants.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (MJC3)
  /Subject (Medicinal compounds from plants Cheat Sheet)
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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Medicinal compounds from plants Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{MJC3} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/212269/cs/46154/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}MJC3 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/mjc3} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 18th April, 2025.\\
   Updated 18th April, 2025.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1. Collection \& preparation of plant material}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{1. Collection \& preparation of plant material:}} & {\bf{Selecting}} the appropriate plant species known for containing the target compound. \tn 
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 & Harvesting the {\bf{correct parts}} of the plant (leaves, roots, stems, etc) based on the phytochemicals of interest. \tn 
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% Row 2
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 & {\bf{Drying \& grinding}} the plant material to increase surface area for extraction. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Isolating potential drugs from plants involves several systematic steps, dependent on the specific compound/class of compounds}  \tn 
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{4. Concentration}}  \tn
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{\bf{4.Concentration:}} & {\bf{Evaporating the solvent}} (using rotary evaporators) to concentrate the extract, yielding a crude extract that contains a mixture of compounds. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{7.Activity testing}}  \tn
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{\bf{7.Activity testing}} & Assessing the bioactivity of the isolated compounds through pharmacological tests to determine their potential medicinal properties \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Poisonous Plants - Aconitine}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Diterpene alkaloid obtained from Aconitum species (250 species) aka monkshood \& wolfsbane – considered Britain's most toxic plant (an ornamental) Used at one time to treat trigeminal neuralgia (sudden/severe facial pain).} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Alkaloid content varies with growth stage Roots previously used for pain relief Roots have been mistaken for horseradish  fatalities 5 mg considered enough to kill.} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Aconitine \& related structures are complex terpene esters \& neurotoxins acting on Na+ channels. No antidote available! Symptoms of poisoning include burning of the mouth \& throat, abdominal pain, intense thirst, headache, slow pulse, paralysis, convulsions, delirium \& coma. Treatment would be symptomatic.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2. Extraction}}  \tn
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{\bf{2.Extraction}} & Using {\bf{solvents}} (e.g., water, ethanol, methanol or hexane) to dissolve the desired compounds. Solvent depends on nature of the compounds (polar vs. non-polar). &  &  \tn 
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 & {\bf{Common extraction method:}} &  &  \tn 
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 &  & {\bf{Maceration:}} & Soaking plant material in solvent at room \seqsplit{temperature} for long period \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 7)
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 &  & {\bf{Percolation:}} & allowing solvent to pass through the plant material in \seqsplit{column-like} setup \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 7)
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2. Extraction (cont)}}  \tn
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 &  & {\bf{Soxhlet extraction:}} & Repeatedly washing the plant material with boiling solvent \tn 
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 &  & {\bf{Repeatedly washing the plant material with boiling solvent}} &  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.62655 cm} x{1.33664 cm} x{0.91894 cm} x{1.29487 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{5.Purification}}  \tn
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{\bf{5.Purification:}} & {\bf{Separating}} specific compounds from the crude extract using techniques such as: &  &  \tn 
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 &  & {\bf{Chromatography:}} & column \seqsplit{chromatography}, thin-layer \seqsplit{chromatography} (TLC), \seqsplit{high-performance} liquid \seqsplit{chromatography} (HPLC) to separate, identify \& purify compounds \tn 
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 &  & {\bf{Crystallisation:}} & \seqsplit{recrystallising} desired compound from solution to increase purity \tn 
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 &  & {\bf{Filtration/distillation:}} & depending on chemical nature of compounds \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3. Filtration}}  \tn
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{\bf{3.Filtration:}} & Removing solid plant material from the liquid extract using gravity/vacuum filtration \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6.Characterisation}}  \tn
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{\bf{6.Characterisation}} & Analysing the isolated compounds to confirm their identity \& purity using various techniques: & mass spectrometry (MS) \tn 
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 &  & nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy \tn 
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 &  & infrared (IR) spectroscopy \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Poisonous Plants}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Poisonous plants \& fungi may be divided into 3 groups:}}} \tn 
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 & Plants that are {\bf{undoubtedly toxic}} but have medical application in defined doses e.g., Deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna) \tn 
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 & Plants that are {\bf{toxic \& have no medicinal potential}} or not yet realisede.g., Hemlock water-dropwort (aka deadman's fingers) (Oenanthe crocata) – contains oenanthotoxin – a polyyne compound; Death cap (Amanita phalloides) – contains amatoxins (peptides that inhibit RNA polymerase II that converts DNA to mRNA) \tn 
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 & Plants \& fungi that are toxic {\bf{\& are abused for their hallucinogenic properties}} e.g., nutmeg \& liberty cap (Psilocybe species) \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

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