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  /Title (immunology-revision.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (MJC3)
  /Subject (Immunology Revision Cheat Sheet)
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Immunology Revision Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{MJC3} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/212269/cs/46195/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}MJC3 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/mjc3} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 29th April, 2025.\\
   Updated 24th April, 2025.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Key Terms:}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{Immunology:}} & Study of immunity (the response of the immune system to infection) \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Immunity:}} & Ability of the host to protect itself against foreign organisms \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
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{\bf{Immune response:}} & A reaction of the body in response to the presence of a foreign substance (i.e. antigens) \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 3
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{\bf{Antigens:}} & Molecules from a pathogen or foreign organism that provoke a specific immune response \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.3433 cm} p{0.3433 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Spleen}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{1) Mounting immune response to antigens in blood stream} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{2) Large, ovoid organ situated high in left abdominal cavity} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{3) Surrounded by a capsule that extends a number of projections (trabeculae) into interior to form a compartmentalised structure} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{4) Two types of compartments: red pulp and white pulp, which are separated by a diffuse marginal zone} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.3033 cm} x{1.15254 cm} x{1.57716 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cellular basis of immunity}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{1) Immune cells:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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 & 1. Mononuclear phagocytes & Monocytes and Macrophages \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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 & 2. Dendritic cells & Langerhans, Interdigitating and Follicular \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 3. Granulocytes & neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils – help fight off infection \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 4
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 & 4. Lymphocytes & B and T cells, NK cells \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.3433 cm} p{0.3433 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Primary Lymphoid Organs}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{1) Immature lymphocytes generated in haematopoiesis mature and become committed to a particular antigenic specificity within the primary lymphoid organs} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{2) {\bf{Bone marrow:}} supports the maturation of all erythroid and myeloid cells in humans and mice, the maturation of B lymphocytes} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{3) {\bf{Thymus:}} unlike B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes do not complete their maturation in the bone marrow. T lymphocyte precursors need to leave the bone marrow and travel to the unique microenvironments provided by the other primary lymphoid organ, thymus, in order to develop into functional cells} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 6)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Eosinophils}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{1) Comprise about 1-3\% of total WBCs \newline 2) Bi-lobed nucleus and acidophilic granules \newline 3) Granules contain major basic protein \newline 4) Produced by haematopoiesis in the bone marrow and migrating into the tissues \newline 5) Mobile and phagocytotic \newline 6) Mediate anti-parasitic response and type I hypersensitivity reactions (allergy)}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.3433 cm} p{0.3433 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Basophils}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{1) Comprise less than 1\% of total WBCs \newline 2) Single lobed nucleus and heavily granulated cytoplasm \newline 3) Non-phagocytic \newline 4) Support mast cell function in tissues, mediate Type I hypersensitivity reactions \newline 5) {\bf{Mast cells}} – cytoplasmic granules that contains histamine, play an important role in allergic response}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{T-lymphocytes}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{1) Morphologically identical to B cells \newline 2) Produced in bone marrow and mature in thymus \newline 3) Mediated cell-mediated arm of adaptive response \newline 4) Several sub-population exist: T helper cells (CD4), cytotoxic T cells  (CD8) and Natural killer T cells (NKTs) \newline 5) B and T cells form memory cells}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Homeostasis and the Immune system}}  \tn
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{\bf{1) Pathogens invade organisms because they are seeking:}} & Source of food \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
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 & Protection \tn 
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% Row 2
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 & Site for reproduction \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{2) Defense systems are evolved to get rid of the invading organisms}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1. Mononuclear phagocytes}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Monocytes and Macrophages}} \newline 1) Long lived phagocytic cells \newline 2) Key initiators of inflammation \newline 3) Involved in phagocytosis or intracellular killing of microorganisms  \newline 4) Can initiate an adaptive response \newline 5) Found in blood (monocytes) and tissues (macrophages)}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Secondary Lymphoid Organs}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{1) Located along vessels of lymphatic system} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{2) Distributed throughout the body and share some anatomical features} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{3) Some lymphoid tissues in the lung and lamina propria of intestinal wall consists of diffuse collections of lymphocytes and macrophages} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{4) Other lymphoid tissue is organised into structures called lymphoid follicles, which consist of aggregates of lymphoid and non lymphoid cells surrounded by a network of draining lymphatic capillaries} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{5) Lymphoid organs are connected to each other and to infected tissues by blood and lymphatics} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Macrophages}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{1) Terminally differentiated, long-lived monocytes residing in tissues} \tn 
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% Row 1
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% Row 2
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3) Serve different functions in different tissues & Phagocytosis, Adaptive immunity, Muscle regeneration, Limb regeneration, Wound healing, Iron homeostasis – maintain constant concentrations of iron in the brain internal environment \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 10)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{4) Named according to their tissues location} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{eolar macrophages – lung \newline Histocytes - connective tissues \newline Kupffer cells – liver  \newline Mesangial cells – kidney \newline Microglial cells – brain \newline Osteoclasts - bone}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Natural Killer cells}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{1) Larger rim of cytoplasm \newline 2) Cytotoxic cells that kill tumour and virus infected cells \newline 3) Constitute 5-10\% of lymphocytes \newline 4) Do not have membrane receptors for antigen but has NK cell receptors \newline 5) Kill by releasing small cytoplasmic granule of proteins (perforin and granzyme) -\textgreater{} cause host cells to die by apoptosis}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{B-lymphocytes}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{1) Small cells, thin rim of cytoplasm \newline 2) Mature in bone marrow \newline 3) Differentiate into plasma cells to secrete antibodies \newline 4) Mediate humoral arm of adaptive immune response \newline 5) B cells interact with T-helper cells which proliferate and switch to different sub-populations \newline 6) Plasma cells are terminally differentiated cells, many die in 1 or 2 weeks}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Humoral Mediated Immunity}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{1) {\bf{Cytokines}} – glycoproteins that co-ordinate immune response (interleukins, growth factors)} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{2) {\bf{Antimicrobial peptides}} - broad-spectrum anti-infectives against wide ranges of bacteria} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{3) {\bf{Complement}} – approx. 30 when activated promote bacterial cytolysis, phagocytosis and inflammation} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{4) {\bf{Acute phase proteins}} -  contribute to acute response to infection by binding pathogens such as bacteria and facilitating complement activation } \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Lymph cell}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Lymphatic System}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{3.833cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1) Immune system consists of immune cells that continuously circulate between blood and lymphoid organs \newline 2) Lymphatic system consists of lymphoid tissues and organs and circulating clear fluid called lymph \newline 3) Site of initiation of adaptive immune response}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{- Most abundant myeloid cell type, comprising 40-70\% of total WBCs} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{- Multilobed nucleus and a granulated cytoplasm} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{- Produced by haematopoiesis in the bone marrow that are released into the peripheral blood and circulate for 7-10 hours before migrating into the tissues, where they have a life span of only a few days} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{- Mobile and highly phagocytic} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{1) Major role in anti-bacterial response: ingest, kill, digest microbial pathogens \newline 2) Contain multiple antimicrobial agents, such as lysozyme (peptidoglycan degradation), hydrogen peroxide and lactoferrin (iron chelator) \newline 3) Neutrophils dying at the site of infection contribute to the formation of the whitish exudate called Pus}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Dendritic Cells}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{3.833cm}}{1) Arises from hematopoietic stem cells via different pathways and in different locations} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{3.833cm}}{2) {\bf{Antigen presenting cells:}} Acquire antigen by phagocytosis and display them to T cells} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{3.833cm}}{3) {\bf{Langerhans cells:}} immature cells primarily found in skin and mucosal tissues} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Accessory cells – 2 types}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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 & Interdigitating dendritic cells & Mediate T cell activation and differentiation. Found in periphery and lymphatic tissues \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Follicular dendritic cells & Unrelated to the above. Mediate B cell activation and differentiation. Restricted to lymphatic tissues. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Phagocytosis}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Inflammation accompanies an immune response}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Our immune response includes {\bf{innate}} and {\bf{adaptive}} responses}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The 5 Immunoglobulin (Ig) Classes}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{3.833cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/mjc3_1745515323_Screenshot 2025-04-24 at 18.21.26.png}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.3433 cm} p{0.3433 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Lymphocytes}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{1) Constitutes 20-40\% of WBCs and 99\% of cells in lymph \newline 2) Continually circulate in the blood and lymph and are capable of migrating into tissue space and lymphoid organs \newline 3) Subdivided into 3 classes \newline (a) B-lymphocytes \newline (b) T-lymphocytes \newline (c) Natural killer cells (NK cells)}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Granulocytes}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{1) Contain cytoplasmic granules \newline 2) Also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN, PML, PMNL) \newline 3) Produced via granulopoiesis in bone marrow \newline 4) Based on cellular morphology, cytoplasmic staining characteristics, granulocytes are classified as \newline (a) Neutrophils \newline (b) Eosinophils \newline (c) Basophils}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Lymphatic Continued}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{4) Lymphoid organs are either primary (central) or secondary (peripheral) \newline 5) {\bf{Primary lymphoid organs:}} \newline Major sites of lymphocyte development i.e. thymus and BM \newline 6) {\bf{Secondary lymphoid organs:}} \newline Spleen, lymph nodes, mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT) including tonsils and Peyer's patches}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Monocytes}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{1) Comprise up to 10\% of circulating WBCs} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{2) Motile and highly adherent upon phagocytic activity} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{3) During haematopoiesis in the bone marrow, monocyte progenitor cells differentiate into promonocytes, which leave the bone marrow and enter the blood, where they further differentiate into mature monocytes} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{4) Monocytes circulate in the bloodstream for about 8 hours, during which they enlarge; then migrate into the tissues and differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells (Antigen presenting cells)} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.3433 cm} p{0.3433 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Lymph node}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{1) Sites where immune responses are mounted to antigens in lymph} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{2) Encapsulated bean shaped structures containing a reticular network packed with lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{3) First organised lymphoid structure to encounter antigens that enter tissue spaces} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Effector mechanism}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{1) \seqsplit{Processes by which pathogens are destroyed and cleared from the body} \newline 2) Can be both cell-mediated and humoral in origin \newline 3) Cell-mediated – effector function is performed by a cell e.g. cytotoxic T cells (Tc), phagocyte, natural killer (NK) cell \newline 4) Humoral – effector function is mediated by soluble molecules e.g. complement, antibodies}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Spleen Anatomy}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{3.833cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/mjc3_1745516457_Screenshot 2025-04-24 at 18.40.29.png}}} \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}