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\author{MJC3}
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  /Title (gastrointestinal-physiology.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (MJC3)
  /Subject (Gastrointestinal Physiology Cheat Sheet)
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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Gastrointestinal Physiology Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{MJC3} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/212269/cs/46140/}}}
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\noindent
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}MJC3 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/mjc3} \\
  \end{tabulary}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 17th April, 2025.\\
   Updated 18th April, 2025.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{4}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.92248 cm} x{1.51052 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The 11 Major structures}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Oesophagus \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Stomach \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Small intestine:}} & Duodenum \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Jejunum \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Ileum \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Large intestine:}} & Ascending colon \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Transverse colon \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Descending colon \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Sigmoid colon \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Rectum \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Anus \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.75083 cm} x{1.68217 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Regulation of acid secretion}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Atropine:}} & Muscarinic antagonist \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{NSAID's \& PG's:}} & PGE decreases acid \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Misoprostol=PGE2 analogue \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Proglumide:}} & Gastrin receptor antagonist \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{H2 receptor antagonists:}} & Cimetidine \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Ranitidine \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Famotidine \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Proton Pump Inhibitors:}} & Omeprazole \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Pantoprazole \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Rabeprazole \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Esomeprazole \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.3433 cm} x{3.0897 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Digestive Processes}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{6 basic processes in digestion:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 1.Ingestion \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 2.Secretion \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 3.Motility \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 4.Digestion \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 5.Absorption \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 6.Defecation \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.75825 cm} x{1.12221 cm} x{1.15254 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Saliva}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Constituents:}} & Mostly water 99.5\% &  \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 0.5\% solutes: & Ions, dissolved gases, urea, uric acid, mucus, immunoglobulin A, lysozyme and salivary amylase (acts on starch) \& muramidase \seqsplit{(anti-bacterial)} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 10)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Not all salivary glands produce the same saliva & Submandibular and sublingual: mucin rich saliva \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & Parotid: salivary amylase \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Control of salivation:}} & Controlled by autonomic nervous system &  \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \seqsplit{Parasympathetic} stimulation promotes secretion of moderate amount of saliva &  \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 6)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Sympathetic stimulation decrease salivation &  \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.65825 cm} p{0.71091 cm} x{1.00054 cm} p{0.2633 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hormones in GI tract}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Hormone:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Gastrin:}} & Released by: G cells (in the stomach) &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Triggered by: Food in the stomach \seqsplit{(especially} proteins), stomach \seqsplit{distension} &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 8)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Main actions:}} & Increases HCl (acid) secretion from parietal cells. Stimulates gastric motility. Promotes growth of stomach lining. &  \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 8)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Secretin:}} & Released by: Duodenum (when acidic chyme enters) &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Triggered by: Low pH (acid from the stomach) &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 5)
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\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.65825 cm} p{0.71091 cm} x{1.00054 cm} p{0.2633 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hormones in GI tract (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Main actions:}} & Stimulates bicarbonate secretion from pancreas (to neutralize acid). Inhibits gastric acid secretion. Slows gastric emptying. &  \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Cholecystokinin (CCK):}} & Released by: Duodenum and jejunum &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Triggered by: Fats and proteins in the chyme &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 5)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Main actions:}} & Stimulates bile release from gallbladder. Stimulates enzyme secretion from pancreas. Slows gastric emptying (so digestion has time to occur). &  \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 10)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Motilin:}} & Released by: Small intestine \seqsplit{(cyclically}, between meals) &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.65825 cm} p{0.71091 cm} x{1.00054 cm} p{0.2633 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hormones in GI tract (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Triggered by: Fasting state &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Main actions:}} & Stimulates migrating motor complexes (waves of contraction that clear the gut). Keeps the gut "clean" between meals. &  \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.3732 cm} x{2.0598 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Overview of GI tract functions}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Mouth:}} & Bite, chew, swallow \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Pharynx and oesophagus:}} & Transport \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Stomach:}} & Mechanical disruption;  absorption of water  \& alcohol \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Small intestine:}} & Chemical \& mechanical digestion \& absorption \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Large intestine:}} & Absorb electrolytes \& vitamins (B and K) \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Rectum and anus:}} & Defecation \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.68217 cm} x{1.75083 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Histology of the Small Intestine}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{2 muscle layers:}} & Serosa not adventitia \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Microvilli}} are microscopic folds in the apical surface of the plasma membrane on each simple columnar cell (about 200 million/mm2). The plicae circulares, villi, and microvilli all contribute to {\bf{increase the surface area}} of the small intestine, allowing for maximum absorption of nutrients. \newline Digestive enzymes attached to the microvilli complete the digestive process of carbohydrates and proteins, called a brush border.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.03122 cm} x{1.00089 cm} x{1.00089 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Pancreas}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{3.833cm}}{Lies posterior to greater curvature of stomach} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Pancreatic juice secreted into pancreatic duct and accessory duct and to small intestine & Pancreatic duct joins common bile duct and enters duodenum at \seqsplit{hepatopancreatic} ampulla &  \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Histology:}} & 99\% of cells are acini: &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & Exocrine \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & Secrete pancreatic juice -mixture of fluid and digestive enzymes \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 1\% of cells are pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) &  \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 5)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & Endocrine \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & Secrete hormones glucagon, insulin somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.03122 cm} x{1.00089 cm} x{1.00089 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Pancreas}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{3.833cm}}{Lies posterior to greater curvature of stomach} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Pancreatic juice secreted into pancreatic duct and accessory duct and to small intestine & Pancreatic duct joins common bile duct and enters duodenum at \seqsplit{hepatopancreatic} ampulla &  \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Histology:}} & 99\% of cells are acini: &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & Exocrine \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & Secrete pancreatic juice -mixture of fluid and digestive enzymes \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 1\% of cells are pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) &  \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 5)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & Endocrine \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & Secrete hormones glucagon, insulin somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.8198 cm} p{0.69759 cm} p{0.51561 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Large Intestine}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{The large Intestine has 4 parts:}} & The cecum &  \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The colon: & \seqsplit{Ascending} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & \seqsplit{Transverse} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & \seqsplit{Descending} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & \seqsplit{Sigmoid} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The rectum &  \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The anal canal &  \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{3.833cm}}{There are no circular folds or villi in the large intestine. \newline The mucosa is mostly an absorptive epithelium (mainly for water), and microvilli are plentiful. \newline Interspersed goblet cells produce mucous, but no digestive enzymes are secreted}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.63693 cm} x{1.18287 cm} x{1.2132 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Phases of Digestion}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Cephalic phase:}} & Stimulates salivary and gastric secretions and motility & Sight, smell and thought of food. Prepares mouth and stomach for food \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Gastric phase:}} & Neural and hormonal mechanisms & Activates gastric secretions \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Intestinal Phase:}} & Neural and hormonal mechanisms & Activates the small intestine and inhibits gastric emptying and secretions \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.47619 cm} x{1.95681 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Visceral Muscle Contractions Summary}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Oesophagus:}} & Peristaltic \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Stomach:}} & Peristaltic \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Small intestine:}} & Segmental, MMC \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Colon:}} & Segmentation, Mass movement \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.39495 cm} p{0.39495 cm} x{0.92155 cm} x{0.92155 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Pancreatic Juice}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Volume:}} & \seqsplit{1200-1500ml} daily &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Constituents:}} & \seqsplit{Mostly} water &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & Sodium bicarbonate - buffers acidic stomach chyme &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & Enzyme: &  \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  &  & Pancreatic amylase \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  &  & Proteolytic enzymes - trypsin (secreted as trypsinogen), chymotrypsin \seqsplit{(chymotrypsinogen)}, \seqsplit{carboxypeptidase} \seqsplit{(procarboxypeptidase)}, elastase (proelastase) \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 11)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  &  & Pancreatic lipase \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  &  & Ribonuclease and \seqsplit{deoxyribonuclease} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.03122 cm} x{1.03122 cm} x{0.97056 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Major Valves (Sphincters)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Oesophagus:}} & Upper oesophageal sphincter & Pharynx and oesophagus \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Lower oesophageal sphincter & Oesophagus and stomach \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Stomach:}} & Cardiac sphincter (LOS) & Oesophagus and stomach \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Pyloric sphincter & Stomach and duodenum \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Large intestine valves:}} & Ileocaecal sphincter & Ileum and caecum \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Internal anal sphincter & Involuntary smooth muscle \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & External anal sphincter & Voluntary skeletal muscle \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.69759 cm} x{0.94023 cm} x{1.39518 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Accessory Organs}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Salivary Glands:}} & Three sets: & Parotid, sublingual and submandibular \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Pancreas:}} & Endocrine: & Insulin, glucagon \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Exocrine: & Digestive enzymes, bicarbonate \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Liver:}} & Excretion of bile pigments: & Bilirubin, Biliverdin \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Bile salts: & E.g Deoxycholic acid emulsification of fats \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.3433 cm} p{0.3433 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{4 layers Anatomy of the small intestine}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Circular folds called the plicae circulares are permanent ridges of the mucosa and submucosa that encourage turbulent flow of chyme.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.63192 cm} p{0.7899 cm} p{0.7899 cm} p{0.42128 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Control of Gastrointestinal Function}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Enteric nervous system (ENS):}} & Intrinsic set of nerves - "brain of gut" &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Neurons extending from oesophagus to anus &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 2 plexuses &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & Myenteric plexus: & GI tract \seqsplit{motility} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & Submucosal plexus & \seqsplit{Controlling} \seqsplit{secretions} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Autonomic nervous system & Extrinsic set of nerves &  \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & \seqsplit{Parasympathetic} stimulation increases secretion and activity by stimulating ENS &  \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 7)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & Sympathetic stimulation decreases secretions and activity by inhibiting ENS &  \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.30454 cm} x{2.12846 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Gastric glands and cell types in the stomach}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Surface mucous cell:}} & Secretes Mucus \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Mucous neck cells:}} & Secretes Mucus \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Parietal cells:}} & Secretes hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Chief cells:}} & Secretes pepsinogen and gastric lipase \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{G cell:}} & Secretes the hormone gastrin \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.13289 cm} x{2.30011 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Summary of Organs in the GI system}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Tongue:}} & Manoeuvres food for mastication, shapes food into a bolus, manoeuvres food for deglutition, detects sensations for taste, and initiates digestion of triglycerides \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Salivary glands:}} & Saliva produced by these glands softens, moistens, and dissolves foods; cleanses mouth and teeth: initiates the digestion of starch \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Teeth:}} & Cut, tear, and pulverise food to reduce solids into smaller particles for swallowing \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Pancreas:}} & Pancreatic juice buffers acidic gastric juice in chyme, stops the action of pepsin from the stomach, creates the proper pH for digestion in the small intestine, and participates in the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, triglycerides and nucleic acid. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 10)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Liver:}} & Produces bile, which is required for the emulsification and absorption of lipids in the small intestine \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.13289 cm} x{2.30011 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Summary of Organs in the GI system (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Gallbladder:}} & Stores and concentrates bile and releases it into the small intestine \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Mouth:}} & Buccal glands lining the mouth produce saliva \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Pharynx:}} & Receives a bolus from the oral cavity and passes it into the oesophagus \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{oesophagus:}} & Receives a bolus from the pharynx and moves it into the stomach: this requites relaxation of the upper oesophagus sphincter and secretion of mucus \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 6)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Stomach:}} & Mixing waves combine saliva, food, and gastric juice, which activates pepsin, initiates protein digestion, kills microbes in food, helps absorb vitamin B12, contracts the lower oesophageal sphincter, increase stomach motility, relaxes the pyloric sphincter and moves chyme into the small intestine. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 12)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Small intestine:}} & Segementation mixes chyme with digestive juices: peristalsis propels chyme toward the ileocecal sphincter: digestive secretions from the small intestine, pancreas, and liver complete the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids: circular folds, villi and microvilli help absorb about 90\% of digest of nutrients \tn 
% Row Count 39 (+ 13)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.13289 cm} x{2.30011 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Summary of Organs in the GI system (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Large intestine:}} & Haustral churning, peristalsis, and mass peristalsis drive the colonic contents into the rectum: bacteria produce some B vitamins and vitamin K: absorption of some water, ions and vitamin occurs: defecation \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}