\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article}

% Packages
\usepackage{fancyhdr}           % For header and footer
\usepackage{multicol}           % Allows multicols in tables
\usepackage{tabularx}           % Intelligent column widths
\usepackage{tabulary}           % Used in header and footer
\usepackage{hhline}             % Border under tables
\usepackage{graphicx}           % For images
\usepackage{xcolor}             % For hex colours
%\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}    % For unicode character support
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}        % Without this we get weird character replacements
\usepackage{colortbl}           % For coloured tables
\usepackage{setspace}           % For line height
\usepackage{lastpage}           % Needed for total page number
\usepackage{seqsplit}           % Splits long words.
%\usepackage{opensans}          % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely.
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}     % For underlining links
% Most of the following are not required for the majority
% of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support.
\usepackage{amsmath}            % Symbols
\usepackage{MnSymbol}           % Symbols
\usepackage{wasysym}            % Symbols
%\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel}              % Languages

% Document Info
\author{miss\_shayshay}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (french-tenses-cheat-sheet-the-past.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (miss\_shayshay)
  /Subject (French Tenses :  The Past Cheat Sheet)
}

% Lengths and widths
\addtolength{\textwidth}{6cm}
\addtolength{\textheight}{-1cm}
\addtolength{\hoffset}{-3cm}
\addtolength{\voffset}{-2cm}
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.2cm} % Space between columns
\setlength{\headsep}{-12pt} % Reduce space between header and content
\setlength{\headheight}{85pt} % If less, LaTeX automatically increases it
\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove footer line
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove header line
\renewcommand{\seqinsert}{\ifmmode\allowbreak\else\-\fi} % Hyphens in seqsplit
% This two commands together give roughly
% the right line height in the tables
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3}
\onehalfspacing

% Commands
\newcommand{\SetRowColor}[1]{\noalign{\gdef\RowColorName{#1}}\rowcolor{\RowColorName}} % Shortcut for row colour
\newcommand{\mymulticolumn}[3]{\multicolumn{#1}{>{\columncolor{\RowColorName}}#2}{#3}} % For coloured multi-cols
\newcolumntype{x}[1]{>{\raggedright}p{#1}} % New column types for ragged-right paragraph columns
\newcommand{\tn}{\tabularnewline} % Required as custom column type in use

% Font and Colours
\definecolor{HeadBackground}{HTML}{333333}
\definecolor{FootBackground}{HTML}{666666}
\definecolor{TextColor}{HTML}{333333}
\definecolor{DarkBackground}{HTML}{522900}
\definecolor{LightBackground}{HTML}{F9F8F7}
\renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault}
\color{TextColor}

% Header and Footer
\pagestyle{fancy}
\fancyhead{} % Set header to blank
\fancyfoot{} % Set footer to blank
\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
    \SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
    }
\end{tabulary}
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{French Tenses :  The Past Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{miss\_shayshay} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/174991/cs/36769/}}}
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}

\fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}miss\_shayshay \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/miss-shayshay} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 1st February, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
  \SetRowColor{white}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
\raggedright
\raggedcolumns

% Set font size to small. Switch to any value
% from this page to resize cheat sheet text:
% www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html
\footnotesize % Small font.

\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{passé composé}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{The passé composé is a compound tense formed with the present tense of the auxiliary (avoir or être) and the past participle.  The passé composé is used to describe actions that occurred in the past. They may be single events or series.   \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 5)
We use the passé composé to talk about one-time, completed actions that took place in the past. This tense places the emphasis on the result or consequences of the action. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 4)
Le passé composé is the equivalent of: \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
The simple past (j'ai fait, I did) \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
The present perfect (j'ai fait, I have done) \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
For regular er/ir/re-verbs, the past participle is formed as follows: \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
If the infinitive ends in -er, the participle ends in é \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
If the infinitive ends in -ir, the participle ends in i \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 2)
If the infinitive ends in -re, the participle ends in u \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 2)
Most verbs construct the passé composé with avoir, however être is used as the auxiliary verb in the following cases: \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 3)
with reflexive verbs \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
with the following verbs of movement: naître/mourir, aller/venir, monter/descendre, arriver/partir, entrer/sortir, apparaître, rester, retourner, tomber and their related forms such as: revenir, rentrer, remonter, redescendre, repartir. \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 5)
DR\&MRSVANDERTRAMP:   \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{passé composé (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Note: we use avoir when descendre, (r)entrer, (re)monter, retourner and sortir are followed by a direct object. In this case, the meaning of the verb often changes. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
For some verbs, the participe passé has to agree in gender and number with either the subject or the object of the sentence. This agreement is necessary in the following situations: \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 4)
When a verb takes être as an auxiliary, the participle agrees in gender and number with the subject. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 3)
For verbs that take avoir in the passé composé, the participle only agrees in gender and number with a direct object that comes before the verb. This direct object can take three possible forms: a personal pronoun (me, te, le, la, nous, vous, les), the relative pronoun que, or a noun placed before the verb (usually in questions and exclamations). \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 8)
In the case of reflexive verbs (which always take être as their auxiliary in the passé composé), the participle generally agrees with the subject. \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 3)
The exception is when the direct object comes after the reflexive verb. In this case, the past participle does not agree. \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 3)
Remember: the participe passé never agrees with an indirect object. \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 2)
The participe passé does not agree with the subject of the following verbs: se téléphoner, se parler, se mentir, se plaire (complaire/déplaire), se sourire, se rire, se nuire, se succéder, se suffire, se ressembler, s'en vouloir. This is because the reflexive pronoun is an indirect object. It is used in the sense of "each other" for these verbs.% Row Count 35 (+ 8)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.72 cm} x{5.28 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DR \& MRS VANDERTRAMP / ADVENT}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
D … devenir & A → arriver - partir \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
R … rester & D → descendre - monter \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\& … apparaître & V → venir - aller \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
M … monter & E → entrer - sortir \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
R … revenir & N → naître - mourir \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
S … sortir & T → tomber - retourner \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
V … venir & Qu'est ce qui reste? → rester \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{A … aller} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{N … naître} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{D … descendre} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{E … entrer} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{R … rester} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{T … tomber} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{A … arriver} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{M … mourir} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{P … partir} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{These verbs take être as their auxiliary.  These are all intransitive verbs that communicate a certain kind of movement. \newline  \newline note that passer is missing}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{La Maison d'être}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{First, someone arrives at the house (arriver). He has come (venir) to the house. Then he enters (entrer) the house and goes up the stairs (monter). Then he goes downstairs (descendre). Then he returns upstairs (retourner) and falls down the stairs (tomber). He remains in the house for a bit (rester) before deciding to leave (partir). He tries the door, but sees that it's locked, so he goes out (sortir) the window. And then he goes (aller) on his way. \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 10)
This mnemonic also includes one verb that doesn't feature in the Vandertramp mnemonic, passer par.  \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 3)
When passer (to pass) is used without the preposition par (by), it uses avoir.% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Hiker}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/miss-shayshay_1674948058_Screenshot 2023-01-28 at 6.20.31 PM.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.84 cm} x{4.16 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{step 1:  choose your helping verb / auxiliary verb}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
avoir & être \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
j'ai & je suis \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
tu as & tu es \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
il a & il est \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
nous avons & nous sommes \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
vous avez & vous êtes \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
ils ont & ils sont \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{step 2:  add the past participle}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Regular ER verbs =\textgreater{} é} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Regular IR verbs =\textgreater{} i} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Regular RE verbs =\textgreater{} u} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{verbs in ire =\textgreater{} it} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{verbs in aitre =\textgreater{} u} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{verbs in enir =\textgreater{} enu} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{verbs in -endre =\textgreater{} pris} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Irregular verbs:  aller, avoir, etre, pouvoir,}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{step 3: Make the verb agree in number and gender}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Verbs using être as a helping verb to form their passé composé agree in gender and number with the subject. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
Je suis arrivé(e) =\textgreater{} you add a e if the subject if female. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
Ils sont arrivé(s) (you add a "s" is the subject is plural). \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
Elles sont arrivé(es) ( you add a e plus a s if the subject is plural and female.) \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
If the subject is a group of 10 women and 1 man, you are supposed to act as if the entire group was male because French grammar considers that male always wins. \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 4)
Verbs using avoir in the passé composé only need to agree with preceding direct objects. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
A simple way to know whether a verb has a preceding direct object is to ask what? after the verb. \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
La tarte qu'elle a mangée était excellente. \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
The tart she ate was excellent. \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
Here you can say, she ate what? The tart. Since tart comes before the verb and is female, you need to agree in number and add a "e" to mangé.% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{When to use the passé composé}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Generally speaking, the passé composé corresponds to the English simple past (did, worked, went …). \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
It talks about completed, sequential or one-time actions that took place on a specific occasion. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
Use the passé composé to: \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
answer the question que s'est-il passé? - what happened? \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
Example:J'ai reçu un appel. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
express a past action that happened on a specific occasion (usually with a specific time marker) \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
Example:  L'année dernière, je suis allé au bord de la Loire pour les vacances. \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
express a one-time past action \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
Example: J'ai fait une randonnée à vélo. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
list sequential past actions that happened one after another \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
Example:  J'ai raccroché et j'ai ri. \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
introduce a new past action that interrupted another that was already in progress (expressed in the imparfait) \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 3)
Example:  Mais un jour, pendant que je parlais avec un agriculteur, j'ai reçu un appel.% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{signal words:  soudain, tout à coup, à ce moment-là, en 1998, hier, l'année dernière, ensuite, puis, après, alors}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{IRREGULAR past participle (passe compose)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Aller:  allé(s)} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Avoir:  eu} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Être:  été} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Pouvoir:  pu} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Only ALLER is plural/agreement}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Other Irregular Verbs (passe compose)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Venir = venu \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
Tenir = tenu \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
Devoir = dû \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
Pouvoir = pu \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
Vouloir = voulu \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
Lire = lu \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
Boire = bu \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
Attendre = attendu \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
Entendre = entendu \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
Courir = couru \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
Répondre = répondu \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
// \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
Faire = fait \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
Dire = dit \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
Erire – écrit \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
Conduire – conduit% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{l'imparfait}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{L'imparfait (the imperfect) is a French past tense. It describes states and actions that were ongoing or repeated in the past. The imperfect can correspond to the English simple past tense, but also to structures such as used to and would and even the past progressive. L'imparfait is used to tell stories and report on past actions, mostly in written contexts. We conjugate the imperfect by adding the endings -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez and -aient to the root of the present tense nous form of the verb.% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{When to use the imperfect tense in French}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{We use the imperfect tense in the following situations: \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
to describe a situation in the past \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
to describe a person, a property, a comment or an explanation in the past \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
to talk about a repeated action in the past \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
to talk about simultaneously occurring actions in the past \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
to emphasise the duration of an action% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{How to conjugate the imperfect tense in French}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{To conjugate the imperfect tense in French, we take the present-tense stem of the 1st person plural form of the verb (the nous form), and add the following endings (identical for verbs of all groups): \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 5)
J + (nous) stem + ais \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
Tu + (nous) stem + ais \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
Il + (nous) stem + ait \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
Nous + (nous) stem + ions \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
Vous + (nous) stem + iez \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
Ils + (nous) stem +aient \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
* Most ir-verbs are conjugated like finir. Choisir, réagir, réfléchir and réussir belong to this group. Here we add an -iss- to the word stem in the plural forms. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 4)
** The ir-verbs that are not conjugated like finir, are conjugated like dormir. Mentir, partir and sentir are part of this group. We do not add -iss- to form the plural.% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Irregular in Imparfait:  Only être}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{j'étais} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{tu étais} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{il était} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{nous étions} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{vous étiez} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{ils étaient} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Imparfait conjugation exceptions:}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Exceptions to the conjugation rules: \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
For verbs that end in -cer, the present form in the 1st person plural is constructed with ç (in order to preserve the soft c sound). This ç remains unchanged in the imparfait (except in the 1st and 2nd person plural forms). \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 5)
For verbs that end in -ger, the present form in the 1st person plural is constructed with e (in order to preserve the soft g sound). This e remains unchanged in the imparfait (except in the 1st and 2nd person plural forms). \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 5)
The verbs falloir and pleuvoir, which are only used in the 3rd person singular, are conjugated as follows in the imparfait: \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 3)
Example: \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
falloir → il fallait \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
pleuvoir → il pleuvait% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{When to use l'imparfait}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{The imparfait is similar to the English past progressive (was doing, were working …) or the structures used to and would.  It sets the scene, gives background description and expresses past actions that were repeated over time. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 5)
Use the imparfait to: \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
answer the question qu'est-ce que /comment c'était? – what was something like? (e.g., weather, landscape, person).  \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3)
Example:  Le temps était horrible à la mer. \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
express a repeated past action (used to, would) \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
Example:  Souvent, je m'arrêtais pour parler avec les villageois. \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
talk about a past action whose beginning and end is unknown \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
Example: Ils passaient leurs journées à l'intérieur. \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
express simultaneously occurring past actions (while) \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 2)
Example:  Donc, pendant que je pédalais, ils étaient sûrement assis sur le sable. \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 2)
describe a continuous past action that were already in progress when another action (usually in the passé composé) interrupted \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 3)
Example:  Mais un jour, pendant que je parlais avec un agriculteur, j'ai reçu un appel.% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Signal words:  tous les jours, chaque fois, toujours, ne … jamais, souvent, le mardi, d'habitude, quelquefois}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{le plus-que-parfait}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{The plus-que-parfait (the pluperfect) indicates that an action had taken place and had been completed before another past action took place. The plus-que-parfait is the compound form of the imperfect and is formed by using the imperfect of the appropriate helping verb ( avoir or être) + the past participle of the verb. Its English equivalent is "had" + past participle. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 8)
Remember that the past participle must agree in number and gender with a preceding direct-object noun or pronoun. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 3)
It would equate to "had happened" in English. \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
For verbs conjugated avoir (to have) in the passé composé, it's formed by combining avoir in the imparfait with the past participle. For verbs formed with être in the passé composé, use the imparfait of être. \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 5)
In affirmative sentences in French, it is often, but not always, accompanied by the adverb déjà (already). Remember that the opposite of déjà is the negative expression pas encore, just as 'already' is replaced by 'yet' in English.% Row Count 22 (+ 5)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.84 cm} x{4.16 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{avoir + être imparfait}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
avoir & être \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
j'avais & j'étais \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
tu avais & tu étais \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
il avait & il était \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Nous avions & nous étions \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
vouz aviez & vous étiez \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
il avaient & ils étaient \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{+ past participle}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}