\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article}

% Packages
\usepackage{fancyhdr}           % For header and footer
\usepackage{multicol}           % Allows multicols in tables
\usepackage{tabularx}           % Intelligent column widths
\usepackage{tabulary}           % Used in header and footer
\usepackage{hhline}             % Border under tables
\usepackage{graphicx}           % For images
\usepackage{xcolor}             % For hex colours
%\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}    % For unicode character support
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}        % Without this we get weird character replacements
\usepackage{colortbl}           % For coloured tables
\usepackage{setspace}           % For line height
\usepackage{lastpage}           % Needed for total page number
\usepackage{seqsplit}           % Splits long words.
%\usepackage{opensans}          % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely.
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}     % For underlining links
% Most of the following are not required for the majority
% of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support.
\usepackage{amsmath}            % Symbols
\usepackage{MnSymbol}           % Symbols
\usepackage{wasysym}            % Symbols
%\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel}              % Languages

% Document Info
\author{Minnie15}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (chapter-15-bio.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Minnie15)
  /Subject (chapter 15 bio Cheat Sheet)
}

% Lengths and widths
\addtolength{\textwidth}{6cm}
\addtolength{\textheight}{-1cm}
\addtolength{\hoffset}{-3cm}
\addtolength{\voffset}{-2cm}
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.2cm} % Space between columns
\setlength{\headsep}{-12pt} % Reduce space between header and content
\setlength{\headheight}{85pt} % If less, LaTeX automatically increases it
\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove footer line
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove header line
\renewcommand{\seqinsert}{\ifmmode\allowbreak\else\-\fi} % Hyphens in seqsplit
% This two commands together give roughly
% the right line height in the tables
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3}
\onehalfspacing

% Commands
\newcommand{\SetRowColor}[1]{\noalign{\gdef\RowColorName{#1}}\rowcolor{\RowColorName}} % Shortcut for row colour
\newcommand{\mymulticolumn}[3]{\multicolumn{#1}{>{\columncolor{\RowColorName}}#2}{#3}} % For coloured multi-cols
\newcolumntype{x}[1]{>{\raggedright}p{#1}} % New column types for ragged-right paragraph columns
\newcommand{\tn}{\tabularnewline} % Required as custom column type in use

% Font and Colours
\definecolor{HeadBackground}{HTML}{333333}
\definecolor{FootBackground}{HTML}{666666}
\definecolor{TextColor}{HTML}{333333}
\definecolor{DarkBackground}{HTML}{A39893}
\definecolor{LightBackground}{HTML}{F9F8F8}
\renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault}
\color{TextColor}

% Header and Footer
\pagestyle{fancy}
\fancyhead{} % Set header to blank
\fancyfoot{} % Set footer to blank
\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
    \SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
    }
\end{tabulary}
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{chapter 15 bio Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Minnie15} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/32247/cs/9906/}}}
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}

\fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Minnie15 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/minnie15} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 19th November, 2016.\\
   Updated 19th November, 2016.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
  \SetRowColor{white}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
\raggedright
\raggedcolumns

% Set font size to small. Switch to any value
% from this page to resize cheat sheet text:
% www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html
\footnotesize % Small font.

\begin{multicols*}{4}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Nature of Genes}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Early ideas to explain how genes work came from studying human diseases.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Archibald Garrod proposed that patients with the disease {\emph{alkaptonuria}} lacked a particular enzyme.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Beadle and Tatum studied Neurospora crassa. \{\{nl\}\} They looked for fungal cells lacking specific enzymes.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Beadle and Tatum results was that each mutated enzyme disrupted one key enzyme in the metabolic pathway.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Prokaryotic Transcription}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Prokaryotic Transcription:}} Single RNA polymerase \{\{nl\}\} - Initiation of mRNA synthesis does not require a primer} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Prokaryotic Transcription requires a Promoter, Start Site, and a termination site.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Transcription occurs in three major stages: \{\{nl\}\} - Initiation \{\{nl\}\} - Elongation \{\{nl\}\} - Termination} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Initiation:}} RNA polymerase binds to the {\bf{promoter}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Promoter:}} Forms a recognition and binding site for the RNA polymerase. \{\{nl\}\} - Found upstream of the start site. \{\{nl\}\} - Not transcribed. \{\{nl\}\} - {\emph{Asymetrical:}} indicate site of initiation and direction of termination.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Elongation:}} RNA transcript grows in the 5'-to-3' direction as ribonucleotides are added. \{\{nl\}\} - {\bf{Transcription bubble:}} contains RNA polymerase, DNA template, and growing RNA transcript. \{\{nl\}\} - After the transcription bubble passes, the now-transcribed DNA is rewound as it leaves the bubble.} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 7)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Termination:}} Marked by sequence that signals "{\bf{stop}}" to polymerase. \{\{nl\}\} - Causes the formation of phosphodiester bonds to cease. \{\{nl\}\} - RNA-DNA hybrid within the transcription bubble dissociates. \{\{nl\}\}- RNA polymerase releases the DNA. \{\{nl\}\}- DNA rewinds.} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 6)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Hairpin}} in RNA causes RNA polymerase to pause} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{U:A base pairs weaken the DNA/RNA bonding.} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 1)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Prokaryotic Transcription (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Prokaryotic {\bf{transcription}} is coupled to {\bf{translation}} \{\{nl\}\}- mRNA begins to be translated before transcription is finished.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Frameshift mutations}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\{\{nl\}\}- Addition or deletion of a single base \{\{nl\}\}- Much more profound consequences \{\{nl\}\}- Alter reading frame downstream \{\{nl\}\}- Triplet repeat expansion mutation} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Hunting disease \{\{nl\}\} Repeat unit is expanded in the disease allele relative to the normal} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.16722 cm} x{2.26578 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Transcription and Translation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{The Central Dogma}} & Information only flows from: DNA-{}-\textgreater{}RNA-{}-\textgreater{}protein \{\{nl\}\} First described by Francis Crick. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Transcription}} & DNA-{}-\textgreater{} RNA \{\{nl\}\} - DNA-directed synthesis of RNA \{\{nl\}\} - Only template strand of DNA used \{\{nl\}\} - T in DNA replaced by U in RNA. \{\{nl\}\} - mRNA used to direct synthesis of polypeptides. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 8)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Translation}} & - Synthesis of polypeptides. \{\{nl\}\} - Takes place at ribosome. \{\{nl\}\} - Requires several kinds of RNA. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{RNA}} & All synthesized from DNA template by transcription \{\{nl\}\} - Messenger RNA (mRNA). \{\{nl\}\} - Ribosomal RNA (rRNA). \{\{nl\}\} - Transfer RNA (tRNA). \{\{nl\}\} - Small nuclear RNA (snRNA) \{\{nl\}\} - Signal recognition particle RNA (SRP RNA). \{\{nl\}\} - Micro-RNA (miRNA). \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 10)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Eukaryotic Transcription}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{3 different RNA polymerase!!} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{RNA polymerase I:}} Transcribes rRNA.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{RNA polymerase II:}} treanscribes mRNA and some snRNA.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{RNA polymerase III:}} transcribes tRNA and some other small RNAs} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Each RNA polymerase recognizes it own promoter.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Initiation}} of transcription: Requires a series of {\bf{transcrption factors}} (helper). \{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{Transcription factors:{\emph{ Necessary to get the RNA polymerase II enzyme to a }}promoter}}* and to initiate gene expression.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Elongation:}} RNA transcribed from the DNA template.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Termination}} not as well defined.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Initiation}} of trancription \{\{nl\}\} - Transcription factors bind to a promoter region and recruit RNA polymerase. \{\{nl\}\}- Forms the initation complex.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Protein Targeting}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{In eukaryotes, translation may occur in the cytoplasm or the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER).} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Signal sequences}} at the beginning of the polypeptide sequence bind to the {\bf{signal recognition (SRP)}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\{\{nl\}\}- The signal sequence and SRP are recognized by RER receptor proteins \{\{nl\}\}- Docking holds ribosome to RER \{\{nl\}\}- Beginning of the protein-trafficking pathway} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.20155 cm} x{2.23145 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mutation: Altered Genes}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Point mutations}} & alter a single base \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Base substitution}} & substitute one base for another \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Siletn mutation}} & same amino acid inserted \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Missense mutation}} & changes amino acid inserted \{\{nl\}\}- Transitions \{\{nl\}\}- Transversions \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Nonsense mutations}} & changed to stop codon \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Genetic Code}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Francis Crick and Sydney Brenner determined how the order of nucleotides in DNA encoded amino acid order. \{\{nl\}\} - They introduced single nucleotide insertions or deletions and looked for mutations ({\bf{Frameshift mutations}})} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{A {\bf{Codon}} is a block of three DNA nucleotides corresponding to an amino acid,} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Spaced Codons:}} Codon sequence in a gene punctuated.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Unspaced Codons:}} codons adjacent to each other. \{\{nl\}\} - Marshall Nirenberg identified the codons that specify each amino acid.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Stop Codon:}} 3 codons (UAA, UGA, UAG) used to terminate translation} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Start Codon:}} Codon (AUG) used to signify the start of translation} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Code is {\bf{degenerate:}} Some amino acids are specified by more that one codon.} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Code practically unicersal:}} Strongest evidence that all living things share {\bf{common ancestry}}. \{\{nl\}\} - Advanced in genetic engineering. \{\{nl\}\} - Mitochondria and cloroplast have some differences in "stop" signals.} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{mRNA modifications}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{In {\bf{eukaryotes}} the primary transcript must be modified to become mature mRNA} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Addition of a {\bf{5' cap}} Protects nucleotides from getting lost, from degradation. \{\{nl\}\}- Involved in translation initiation.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Addition of a {\bf{3' poly-A tail}} Created by poly-A polymerase, protection from degradation \{\{nl\}\}- Puts whole string of A's (AAA) to protect!} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Removal of noncoding sequences ({\bf{introns}}): Pre-mRNA {\bf{splicing}} done by spliceosome. \{\{nl\}\}- Cut it out to get rid of it!!!} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{tRNA charging reaction}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Each aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase recognizes only 1 amino acid but several tRNAs.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Charged tRNA}} has an amino acid added using the energy from ATP. \{\{nl\}\}-Can undergo peptide bond formation without additional energy.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Ribosomes do not verify amino acid attached to tRNA.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{The {\bf{ribosome}} has multiple tRNA binding sites:} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{P site:}} binds the tRNA attached to the growing {\bf{p}}eptide chain} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{A site:}} binds the tRNA carrying the next {\bf{a}}mino acid.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{E site:}} binds the tRNA that carried the last amino acid, tRNA {\bf{e}}xits ribosome.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{The {\bf{ribosome}} has {\bf{two primary functions}} \{\{nl\}\}- Decode the mRNA. \{\{nl\}\}- Form peptide bonds.} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Peptidyl transferase:}} \{\{nl\}\}- Enzymatic component of the ribosome. \{\{nl\}\}- Forms peptide bonds between amino acids.} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chromosomal mutations}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Chang the structure of a chromosome} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{Deletions:}} part of chromosome is lost} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{Duplication:}} part of chromosome is copied} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{Inversion:}} part of chromosome in reverse order} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{Translocation:}} part of chromosome is moved to a new location} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.7165 cm} x{1.7165 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Eukaryotic pre-mRNA splicing}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Introns}} & non-coding sequences \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Exons}} & sequences that will be translated \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Small ribonucleoprotein particles ({\bf{snRNPs "snurps"}}) & Looks for introns and exons and recognizes it. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Spliceosomes}} & responsible for removing introns \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{snRNPs cluster with other proteins to form {\bf{spliceosome}}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{tRNA and Ribosomes}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{tRNA}} moleules carry amino acids to the ribosome for incorporation into a polypeptide. \{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase}} add amino acids to the acceptor stem of tRNA. \{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{Anticodon}} loop contains 3 nucleotides complementary to mRNA codons.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Translation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Process by which the mRNA transcript is read by the ribosomes and used to make a polypeptide. \{\{nl\}\} Occurs in 3 main stages: \{\{nl\}\}- Initiation \{\{nl\}\}- Elongation \{\{nl\}\}- Termination} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{There are some important differences between translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{In {\emph{prokaryotes}}, {\bf{initiation complex}} includes Initiator tRNA charged with N-formylmethionine \{{[}nl\}\}- Small ribosomal subunit \{\{nl\}\}-  mRNA strand} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\{\{nl\}\}- Ribosome binding sequence (RBS) of mRNA positions small subunit correctly. \{\{nl\}\}-  Large subunit now added. \{\{nl\}\}-  Initiator tRNA bound to P site with A site empty.} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Initiations}} in {\emph{eukaryotes}} similar except: \{\{nl\}\}- Initiating amino acid is {\bf{methionine.}} \{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{Lack}} of an RBS – small subunit binds to {\emph{5′ cap}} of mRNA.} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Elongation}} adds amino acids \{\{nl\}\}- 2nd charged tRNA can bind to empty A site \{\{nl\}\}- Requires elongation factor called EF-Tu to bind to tRNA and GTP \{\{nl\}\}- Peptide bond can then form. \{\{nl\}\}- Addition of successive amino acids occurs as a cycle.} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 6)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\{\{nl\}\}- There are fewer tRNAs than codons \{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{Wobble}} pairing allows less stringent pairing between the {\emph{3′ base of the codon}} and the 5′ base of the anticodon \{\{nl\}\}- This allows fewer tRNAs to accommodate all codons} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 5)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Termination}} \{\{nl\}\}- Elongation continues until the ribosome encounters a {\emph{stop codon}} \{\{nl\}\}- Stop codons are recognized by {\emph{release factors}} which release the polypeptide from the ribosome} \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}