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% Document Info
\author{mikeyg}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (exam-1-c.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (mikeyg)
  /Subject (Exam 1 C++ Cheat Sheet)
}

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\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
    \SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Exam 1 C++ Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{mikeyg} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/211314/cs/45756/}}}
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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}mikeyg \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/mikeyg} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 24th February, 2025.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
\vfill
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\end{multicols}}




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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Full Class Array (with Big Three)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{template \textless{}typename T\textgreater{} \newline class ABQ \{ \newline   private: \newline   T{\emph{ data; \newline   size\_t current\_size; \newline   size\_t max\_capacity; \newline   size\_t front; \newline   size\_t back; \newline   float scale\_factor; \newline   public: \newline ABQ() \{ \newline   this -\textgreater{} max\_capacity = 1; \newline   this -\textgreater{} current\_size = 0; \newline   this -\textgreater{} front = 0; \newline   this -\textgreater{} back = 0; \newline   this-\textgreater{}scale\_factor = 2.0f; \newline   data = new T{[}max\_capacity{]};  \newline \}  \newline ABQ(int capacity) \{ \newline   this -\textgreater{} max\_capacity = capacity; \newline   this -\textgreater{} current\_size = 0; \newline   this -\textgreater{} front = 0; \newline   this -\textgreater{} back = 0; \newline   this-\textgreater{}scale\_factor = 2.0f;  \newline   data = new T{[}max\_capacity{]};  \newline \}  \newline ABQ(const ABQ \&d) \{ \newline   this -\textgreater{} max\_capacity = d.max\_capacity; \newline   this -\textgreater{} current\_size = d.current\_size; \newline   this -\textgreater{} front = d.front; \newline   this -\textgreater{} back = d.back; \newline   this-\textgreater{}scale\_factor = d.scale\_factor; \newline   data = new T{[}max\_capacity{]}; \newline   for (size\_t i = 0; i \textless{} current\_size; i++) \{ \newline     data{[}i{]} = d.data{[}i{]}; \newline   \} \newline \}  \newline ABQ \&operator=(const ABQ \&d) \{ \newline   if (this != \&d) \{ \newline     delete {[}{]} data;  \newline     this -\textgreater{} max\_capacity = d.max\_capacity; \newline     this -\textgreater{} current\_size = d.current\_size; \newline     this -\textgreater{} front = d.front; \newline     this -\textgreater{} back = d.back; \newline     this-\textgreater{}scale\_factor = d.scale\_factor; \newline     data = new T{[}max\_capacity{]}; \newline     for (size\_t i = 0; i \textless{} current\_size; i++) \{ \newline       data{[}i{]} = d.data{[}i{]}; \newline     \} \newline   \} \newline   return }}this;  \newline \}  \newline \textasciitilde{}ABQ() \{ \newline   delete {[}{]} data; \newline \}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Module 1}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\#pragma once // prevents including multiple times \newline \#include "functions.h" // gets functions \& classes from file \newline \#include \textless{}iostream\textgreater{} // includes official string directory \newline  \newline FUNCTIONS \newline int addNum(int x, int y); // prototype \newline int addNum(int a, int b)\{ // definition \newline    return a + b; \newline \}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Pointers}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{int x = 16; \newline int{\emph{ xPtr = \&x; // Creates pointer int }}xPtr2 = \&x; // Also works \newline int{\emph{ ptr = nullptr; // Points to nothing \newline }}xPtr = 10; // Changes x \newline  \newline // References must be initialized \newline int\& xRef = x; // Creates reference to x int \&xRef2 = x; // Also works \newline // xRef and x have same memory address \newline xRef = 10; // Changes x and xRef \newline  \newline // Changes variable passed in through pointer \newline void passByPointer(int{\emph{ x)\{ \newline    }}x = 30; \newline \} \newline // Changes variable passed in through reference \newline void passByRef(int\& x)\{ \newline    x = 40; \newline \}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Constant}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Foo::Foo(const Foo\&); // passes in the parameter as a const \newline const int{\emph{ Foo::getData(); // returns a const int}} \newline int Foo::getCount(int index) const; // makes function const \newline int someVal = 50; \newline // Cannot modify the value by dereferencing a pointer \newline const int{\emph{ pointer1 = \&someVal;  \newline // Cannot change the address the pointer is pointing to \newline int}} const pointer2 = \&someVal;  \newline const int* const pointer3 = \&someVal; // Can't change anything} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{C Style}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{In C, the end of a char* C-style string is defined by the null terminator ('\textbackslash{}0'). This special character marks the end of the string in memory, allowing functions like strlen(), strcpy(), and strcmp() to know where the string ends. Without the null terminator, these functions would continue reading memory beyond the string, causing errors. For example, the string "Hello" in memory is stored as {[}'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '\textbackslash{}0'{]}. The most common way to define a null-terminated string in C is by using a string literal, such as char str{[}{]} = "Hello";, which automatically includes the null terminator. Defining a string manually without the null terminator, like char str{[}{]} = \{'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o'\};, is incorrect because it doesn't mark the end of the string. Another valid but less common way is char str{[}{]} = \{'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '\textbackslash{}0'\};. However, using string literals is the preferred and more concise method.% Row Count 19 (+ 19)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Operator Overloading}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{DynamicArray operator+(const DynamicArray\& other) \{ \newline     int newSize = max(size, other.size); \newline     DynamicArray temp(newSize); // Create new array with size based on the max size \newline     for (int i = 0; i \textless{} size \&\& i \textless{} other.size; ++i) \{ \newline         temp.arr{[}i{]} = arr{[}i{]} + other.arr{[}i{]}; \newline     \} \newline     return temp; \newline \} \newline  \newline DynamicArray\& operator+=(const DynamicArray\& other) \{ \newline     int newSize = max(size, other.size); \newline     if (newSize \textgreater{} capacity) \{ \newline         resize(newSize);  // Resize if necessary \newline     \} \newline     for (int i = 0; i \textless{} other.size; ++i) \{ \newline         arr{[}i{]} += other.arr{[}i{]}; \newline     \} \newline     size = newSize; \newline     return {\emph{this; // Return current object for chaining \newline \} \newline  \newline DynamicArray operator-(const DynamicArray\& other) \{ \newline     int newSize = max(size, other.size); \newline     DynamicArray temp(newSize); // Create new array with size based on the max size \newline     for (int i = 0; i \textless{} size \&\& i \textless{} other.size; ++i) \{ \newline         temp.arr{[}i{]} = arr{[}i{]} - other.arr{[}i{]}; \newline     \} \newline     return temp; \newline \} \newline  \newline DynamicArray\& operator-=(const DynamicArray\& other) \{ \newline     int newSize = max(size, other.size); \newline     if (newSize \textgreater{} capacity) \{ \newline         resize(newSize);  // Resize if necessary \newline     \} \newline     for (int i = 0; i \textless{} other.size; ++i) \{ \newline         arr{[}i{]} -= other.arr{[}i{]}; \newline     \} \newline     size = newSize; \newline     return }}this; // Return current object for chaining \newline \} \newline  \newline bool operator==(const DynamicArray\& other) const \{ \newline     if (size != other.size) \{ \newline         return false; \newline     \} \newline     for (int i = 0; i \textless{} size; ++i) \{ \newline         if (arr{[}i{]} != other.arr{[}i{]}) \{ \newline             return false; \newline         \} \newline     \} \newline     return true; \newline \} \newline  \newline bool operator!=(const DynamicArray\& other) const \{ \newline     return !(*this == other); // Using == operator \newline \}} \tn 
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}