\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article} % Packages \usepackage{fancyhdr} % For header and footer \usepackage{multicol} % Allows multicols in tables \usepackage{tabularx} % Intelligent column widths \usepackage{tabulary} % Used in header and footer \usepackage{hhline} % Border under tables \usepackage{graphicx} % For images \usepackage{xcolor} % For hex colours %\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc} % For unicode character support \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} % Without this we get weird character replacements \usepackage{colortbl} % For coloured tables \usepackage{setspace} % For line height \usepackage{lastpage} % Needed for total page number \usepackage{seqsplit} % Splits long words. %\usepackage{opensans} % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely. \usepackage[normalem]{ulem} % For underlining links % Most of the following are not required for the majority % of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support. \usepackage{amsmath} % Symbols \usepackage{MnSymbol} % Symbols \usepackage{wasysym} % Symbols %\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel} % Languages % Document Info \author{Meosit} \pdfinfo{ /Title (a2-b1-grammar.pdf) /Creator (Cheatography) /Author (Meosit) /Subject (A2+/B1 Grammar Cheat Sheet) } % Lengths and widths \addtolength{\textwidth}{6cm} \addtolength{\textheight}{-1cm} \addtolength{\hoffset}{-3cm} \addtolength{\voffset}{-2cm} \setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.2cm} % Space between columns \setlength{\headsep}{-12pt} % Reduce space between header and content \setlength{\headheight}{85pt} % If less, LaTeX automatically increases it \renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove footer line \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove header line \renewcommand{\seqinsert}{\ifmmode\allowbreak\else\-\fi} % Hyphens in seqsplit % This two commands together give roughly % the right line height in the tables \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3} \onehalfspacing % Commands \newcommand{\SetRowColor}[1]{\noalign{\gdef\RowColorName{#1}}\rowcolor{\RowColorName}} % Shortcut for row colour \newcommand{\mymulticolumn}[3]{\multicolumn{#1}{>{\columncolor{\RowColorName}}#2}{#3}} % For coloured multi-cols \newcolumntype{x}[1]{>{\raggedright}p{#1}} % New column types for ragged-right paragraph columns \newcommand{\tn}{\tabularnewline} % Required as custom column type in use % Font and Colours \definecolor{HeadBackground}{HTML}{333333} \definecolor{FootBackground}{HTML}{666666} \definecolor{TextColor}{HTML}{333333} \definecolor{DarkBackground}{HTML}{D1D1D1} \definecolor{LightBackground}{HTML}{F3F3F3} \renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault} \color{TextColor} % Header and Footer \pagestyle{fancy} \fancyhead{} % Set header to blank \fancyfoot{} % Set footer to blank \fancyhead[L]{ \noindent \begin{multicols}{3} \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \vspace{-7pt} {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}} } \end{tabulary} \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L} \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{A2+/B1 Grammar Cheat Sheet}}}} \\ \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Meosit} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/83398/cs/19771/}}} \end{tabulary} \end{multicols}} \fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize \noindent \begin{multicols}{3} \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}} \\ \vspace{-2pt}Meosit \\ \uline{cheatography.com/meosit} \\ \end{tabulary} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}} \\ \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\ Updated 7th June, 2019.\\ Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}. \end{tabulary} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}} \\ \SetRowColor{white} \vspace{-5pt} %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg} Measure your website readability!\\ www.readability-score.com \end{tabulary} \end{multicols}} \begin{document} \raggedright \raggedcolumns % Set font size to small. Switch to any value % from this page to resize cheat sheet text: % www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html \footnotesize % Small font. \begin{multicols*}{3} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Tenses use cases}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Present Simple}}\{\{nl\}\}{\emph{She only eats fish.}}\{\{nl\}\} & - Habits\{\{nl\}\}- Repeated actions\{\{nl\}\}- General facts\{\{nl\}\}- Schedules \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 4) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} {\bf{Present Continuous}}\{\{nl\}\}{\emph{He's playing a guitar.}} & - Act. happening now\{\{nl\}\}- Temp. situations\{\{nl\}\}- Trends\{\{nl\}\}- Arranged future \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 5) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Present Perfect}}\{\{nl\}\}{\emph{I have just finished \{\{nl\}\}my work.}}\{\{nl\}\}{\emph{I have lived in Minsk\{\{nl\}\}since 2014.}} & - Action result\{\{nl\}\}- Experience\{\{nl\}\}- Not yet finished\{\{nl\}\}- Duration (till now)\{\{nl\}\}- Undefined time\{\{nl\}\}- News \tn % Row Count 15 (+ 6) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} {\bf{Past Simple}}\{\{nl\}\}{\emph{We saw a good film\{\{nl\}\}last week}} & - Completed action\{\{nl\}\}~~~{\emph{(time is known)}}\{\{nl\}\} \tn % Row Count 19 (+ 4) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Past Continuous}}\{\{nl\}\}I was eating when\{\{nl\}\}she came. & - Background action\{\{nl\}\}- Was in progress\{\{nl\}\}when another act.\{\{nl\}\}interrupted\{\{nl\}\}- Was in progress at\{\{nl\}\}a stated time\{\{nl\}\}in past \tn % Row Count 26 (+ 7) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} {\bf{Future Simple}}\{\{nl\}\}{\emph{I will do it next day.}}\{\{nl\}\}{\emph{She's going to leave.}}\{\{nl\}\}{\emph{I'm having a meeting\{\{nl\}\}tomorrow.}}\{\{nl\}\}My train leaves today\{\{nl\}\}at 9pm. & \{\{nl\}\}- Spontaneous ({\bf{will}})\{\{nl\}\}- Intention ({\bf{going to}})\{\{nl\}\}- Fixed arrangement\{\{nl\}\}~~~({\bf{Present Cont.}})\{\{nl\}\}- Schedule\{\{nl\}\}~~~({\bf{Present Simple}}) \tn % Row Count 36 (+ 10) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Passive voice}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Usage}}} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}- Doer is not important or unknown\{\{nl\}\}- Actions of processes or systems} \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 3) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Form}}} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}- {\bf{Present:}} {\emph{am/is/are + V3/-ed}}\{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{Pr. Cont.:}} {\emph{am/is/are + being + V3/-ed}}\{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{Pr. Perfect.:}} {\emph{has/have + been + V3/-ed}}\{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{Past:}} {\emph{was/were+ V3/-ed}}\{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{Future:}} {\emph{will + be + V3/-ed}}\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{- Modals:}} can/must/etc. + be + V3/-ed} \tn % Row Count 10 (+ 7) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Conditionals}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{First conditional}} - {\emph{real situation}}} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}- Future plans / Predictions / Warnings\{\{nl\}\}{\emph{- If + {\bf{present tence}}, {\bf{will/might}} + verb}}} \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 3) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Second conditional}} - {\emph{unreal situation}}} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}- Imagined, hypothetical situation in either {\bf{present or future}} \{\{nl\}\}- {\emph{If + {\bf{past tence}}, {\bf{would}} + verb}}} \tn % Row Count 7 (+ 4) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Conjunctions}}} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}{\emph{If}} / {\emph{In case}} / {\emph{When}} / {\emph{As long as}} / {\emph{Unless}}} \tn % Row Count 10 (+ 3) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Verb patterns (gerund / infinitive)}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Gerund}} & - {\emph{consider}}\{\{nl\}\}- {\emph{delay}}\{\{nl\}\}- {\emph{stop (=quit)}}\{\{nl\}\}- {\emph{risk}}\{\{nl\}\}- {\emph{avoid}}\{\{nl\}\}- {\emph{remember ({\bf{past}})}}\{\{nl\}\}- {\emph{try ({\bf{experiment}})}} \tn % Row Count 7 (+ 7) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} {\bf{To + infinitive}} & - {\emph{manage}}\{\{nl\}\}- {\emph{prefer}}\{\{nl\}\}- {\emph{need}}\{\{nl\}\}- {\emph{want}}\{\{nl\}\}- {\emph{fail}}\{\{nl\}\}- {\emph{agree}}\{\{nl\}\}- {\emph{afford}}\{\{nl\}\}- {\emph{remember ({\bf{future}})}}\{\{nl\}\}- {\emph{try ({\bf{effort}})}}\{\{nl\}\} \tn % Row Count 16 (+ 9) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{- Gerund}}\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{- (that) + sbj. + verb}} & - {\emph{suggest}}\{\{nl\}\}- {\emph{propose}}\{\{nl\}\}- {\emph{recommend}}\{\{nl\}\}- {\emph{advice}} \tn % Row Count 20 (+ 4) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Modal Verbs}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{must}} & - Strong obligation\{\{nl\}\}- Logical conclusion \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 3) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} {\bf{must not}} & - Prohibition \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 1) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{should}} & - Soft obligation\{\{nl\}\}- Advice\{\{nl\}\}- Logical conclusion \tn % Row Count 7 (+ 3) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} {\bf{can}} & - Ability\{\{nl\}\}- Permission\{\{nl\}\}- Possibility \tn % Row Count 10 (+ 3) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{could}} & - Ability in past\{\{nl\}\}- Polite permission\{\{nl\}\}- Possibility \tn % Row Count 14 (+ 4) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} {\bf{may / might}} & - Permission\{\{nl\}\}- Probability \tn % Row Count 16 (+ 2) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{need to}} & - Necessity (persons choice) \tn % Row Count 18 (+ 2) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} {\bf{have to}} & - Necessity (external reason) \tn % Row Count 20 (+ 2) % Row 8 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{don't have to}}\{\{bb\}\} & - It's not necessary\{\{bb\}\} \tn % Row Count 22 (+ 2) % Row 9 \SetRowColor{white} {\bf{Guesses}}\{\{nl\}\}{\emph{may}}\{\{nl\}\}{\emph{might}}\{\{nl\}\}{\emph{could}}\{\{nl\}\}{\emph{must}} & \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Past action:}}\{\{nl\}\}- modal + {\emph{have \textasciitilde{}\textasciitilde{}has\textasciitilde{}\textasciitilde{}}} + V3\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Moment of speaking:}}\{\{nl\}\}- modal + {\emph{be}} + Ving \tn % Row Count 28 (+ 6) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{0.96071 cm} x{0.96071 cm} x{0.96071 cm} x{1.29487 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{State verbs}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{\{\{fa-exclamation-circle\}\} Not used with continuous}}} \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 2) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} guess & depend & hate & suppose \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 1) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} know & need & belong & understand \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 1) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} involve & include & prefer & want \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 1) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} mean & require & contain & possess \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 1) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} sound & seem & agree & believe \tn % Row Count 7 (+ 1) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Linkers}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{To speak about what we want {\bf{to achieve}}} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}{\bf{to}}\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{in order to}} + base form+ {\bf{for}} + gerund \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{so as to}}} \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 3) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{To speak about what we want {\bf{to avoid}}} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}{\bf{in order not to}} + base form\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{so as not to}}} \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 3) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{To say what we {\bf{want}} or others {\bf{to get}}} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}{\bf{so that}} + sbj. + {\bf{can/could/will/would}}\{\{nl\}\}+ base form} \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 3) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{To show {\bf{a reason}} for using/doing smth.} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}{\bf{in case}} + sbj. + verb} \tn % Row Count 11 (+ 2) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{If we want to {\bf{enumerate}} a set of items} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}- {\emph{First of all}} / {\emph{Firstly}} / {\emph{To begin with}} ...\{\{nl\}\}- {\emph{Second}} / {\emph{Secondly}} / {\emph{Then}} ...\{\{nl\}\}- {\emph{Third}} / {\emph{Thirdly}} / {\emph{After that}} ...\{\{nl\}\}- {\emph{The next stage}} ...\{\{nl\}\}- {\emph{Finally}} / {\emph{To sum up}} / {\emph{In conclusion}} / {\emph{Last but not least}} ...} \tn % Row Count 18 (+ 7) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{If we want to {\bf{add}} something to the previous sentence} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}{\emph{Also}} / {\emph{Moreover}} / {\emph{Further}} / {\emph{Furthermore}} / {\emph{Besides}} / {\emph{In addition to}} / {\emph{Additionally}}} \tn % Row Count 23 (+ 5) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.89126 cm} x{3.08574 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Articles}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{a / an}}\{\{ac\}\} & \{\{fa-exclamation-circle\}\}{\emph{Singular, countable nouns}}\{\{nl\}\}- {\emph{Talking for the {\bf{first time}}}}\{\{nl\}\}- {\emph{Talk about {\bf{people's jobs}}}}\{\{nl\}\}- {\emph{Talk about smth. in a {\bf{general way}}}} \tn % Row Count 8 (+ 8) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} {\bf{the}}\{\{ac\}\} & - {\emph{Noun for a {\bf{second time}}}}\{\{nl\}\}- {\emph{With {\bf{specific}} nouns}}\{\{nl\}\}- {\emph{With superlatives: ({\bf{the most ...}})}}\{\{nl\}\}- {\emph{With {\bf{regions}} and {\bf{natural}} places}} \tn % Row Count 15 (+ 7) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{no\{\{nl\}\}article}}\{\{ac\}\} & - {\bf{{\emph{Plural}}, {\bf{uncountable}} nouns in a {\bf{general way}}}}\{\{nl\}\}- {\emph{With {\bf{countries}}, {\bf{states}}, {\bf{cities}}\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-exclamation-circle\}\}But {\bf{the}} US, {\bf{the}} Netherlands, other "plural" / "partial" countries}} \tn % Row Count 24 (+ 9) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.9862 cm} x{1.9908 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Opiniton Phrases}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} I (really) think ...\{\{br\}\} & I believe (that) ... \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 2) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} I reckon/suppose ...\{\{br\}\} & I do believe ... \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 2) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} I could be wrong, but ..\{\{br\}\} & As I see it, ... \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 2) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} I tend to think that ...\{\{br\}\} & If you ask me, ... \tn % Row Count 8 (+ 2) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Frankly, ...\{\{br\}\} & My view is that ... \tn % Row Count 10 (+ 2) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Off the top of my head, ...\{\{bt\}\}} \tn % Row Count 11 (+ 1) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{I would seem to me that ...} \tn % Row Count 12 (+ 1) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{I tend towards the opinion ...} \tn % Row Count 13 (+ 1) % Row 8 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{I'd say/guess/imagine that ...} \tn % Row Count 14 (+ 1) % Row 9 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{In my (humble) opinion ... (IMHO)} \tn % Row Count 15 (+ 1) % Row 10 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{For me, From my point of view, ...} \tn % Row Count 16 (+ 1) % Row 11 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{To my mind / To my way of thinking, ...} \tn % Row Count 17 (+ 1) % Row 12 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Personally speaking / Speaking of myself, ...} \tn % Row Count 18 (+ 1) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} % That's all folks \end{multicols*} \end{document}