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  /Title (ap-biology-exam-2020-notes.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (marisamcgovern)
  /Subject (AP Biology Exam 2020 Notes Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{AP Biology Exam 2020 Notes Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{marisamcgovern} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/122331/cs/22678/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 5th May, 2020.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Unit 1: Biochemistry}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Carbohydrates}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Polarity: Polar, Hydrophilic} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Polymer: Polysaccharides} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Monomer: Monosaccharides} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Bond Type: Glycosidic Linkage - strong stable covalent bond, always goes from a carbon bonded to an oxygen bonded to a carbon} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Formula: C`n`H`2n`O`n`} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Functions: Energy Storage (Starch/Glycogen); Structural (Cellulose/Chitin)} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 0)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Lipids}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Polarity: Non-Polar, Hydrophobic} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Polymer: No Polymers or Monomers} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Types: Triglycerides, Phospholipids (hydrophilic), Steroids} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Bond Type: Ester Bond -} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Formula: Contains many C's \& H's and has uneven C:O ratio} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 14
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Functions: Energy Storage (Starch/Glycogen); Structural (Cellulose/Chitin)} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 15
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 0)
% Row 16
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Proteins}}} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Polarity: Non-Polar or Polar Side Chains} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 18
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Polymer: Polypeptide} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 19
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Monomer: Amino Acid} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Bond Type: Peptide Bonds  - strong stable covalent bond, carbon in carboxyl group bonds to nitrogen in amine group, OH (carboxyl) \& H (amine) forms H2O} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 4)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Formula: Includes Nitrogen, not Phosphorus !} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 1)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Functions: So Many (ex. Enzymes, Structural Support)} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 2)
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Unit 1: Biochemistry (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 23
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
% Row 24
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Nucleic Acids}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 25
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Polarity: Polar, Hydrophilic} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 26
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Polymer: Nucleic Acids} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 27
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Monomer: Nucleotide} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Bond Type: Phosphodiester - strong covalent bond, hydroxyl group (sugar) bonds to phosphate of next nucleotide} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Formula: Includes Nitrogen and Phosphorus} \tn 
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% Row 30
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Functions: Coding Information (DNA, RNA)} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
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% Row 32
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Properties of Water}}} \tn 
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% Row 33
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{Polarity}} - H₂O is "Polar" because it's uneven distribution of electrons gives it a charge()} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{Cohesion}} - Attraction of molecules to other molecules of the same kind. H₂O has strong cohesive forces due to the H-Bonds they form with one another.} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{Adhesion}} - Attraction of molecules to other types of molecules.  H₂O "sticks/adheres" to substances that are more positive or negative than itself} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{Surface Tension}} - Liquid's resistance to spreading out due to the cohesive nature of its molecules. H₂O = high surface tension when cohesive forces are stronger than adhesive ones.} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 4)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{High Specific Heat}} - H₂O has the highest specific heat of any liquid due to its H-Bonds.  specific heat - the amount of heat required totemp. of 1g of a substance by1C} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 4)
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{H-Bonding}} -  weak bonds from the electrostatic attraction (δ−  portion to δ+ portion).  Oxygen is δ−  and Hydrogens are δ+ in water.} \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Unit 1: Biochemistry (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
% Row 40
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Carbon Based Life}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 41
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Carbon is stable and forms four covalent bonds} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 0)
% Row 43
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Fluid Mosaic Model}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 44
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{Phospholipids}} - not bound to each other; form structure due to water interactions; lipids ≠ bound →  bilayer = fluid} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 45
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Phospholipids: saturated tails take up less space, unsaturated (kinked) take up more space, long tails = thick membrane, short tails = thing membrane, cholesterol buffers fluidity} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 46
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 0)
% Row 47
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Enzymes and Regulation}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 48
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{Competitive Inhibitors}} - Compete with substrate for the active site; slow down the reaction} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 49
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{Noncompetitive Inhibitors}} - its attachment (not at active site), Δ active site shape →  stop/slow down reaction} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 50
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{Enzyme Structure}} - (Protein Structure) Synthesis Rxn-2 enzymes catalyze one reaction} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 51
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{Induced fit}} -  Enzyme ↓ the activation energy of a rxn and makes it happen quicker} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 52
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Enzyme Activity versus PH is a bell curve because their optimal pH for the reaction} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 53
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Enzyme Activity versus {[}Substrate{]} is a linear relation until saturated and reaction rate platoes} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 54
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Enzyme Activity versus Time is linear until the protein is denatured at a certain temperature} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Carbohydrate Structure}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{3.833cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/marisamcgovern_1588705599_monosaccharide_structure.jpg}}} \tn 
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Lipid Structure}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{3.833cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/marisamcgovern_1588707223_lipid-types_med.jpeg}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Protein Structure}}  \tn
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Amino Acid Structure}}  \tn
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Unit 2: Cell Biology}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Essential Cell Structure}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1. Plasma Membrane - Separates internal environment from external (maintains homeostasis); shows cell came from a common ancestor} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{2. DNA - Information Store/instruction to pass on to the next generation} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{3. Ribosomes - Be able to build proteins from DNA instructions} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{4. Cytoplasm/Cytosol - Conduct the chemical processes of life (water based gel allows for diffusion)} \tn 
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% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
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% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Prok. compared to Eukaryotes}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{Prokaryotes}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Simple, Small, Cheap No Nucleus, Has Nucleoid Circular DNA No Internal Membrane Organelles do one job} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{Eukaryotes}}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Complex, Bigger, Expensive Has Nucleus Linear DNA Many Internal Membranes Organelles have many specific compartmentalized functions} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 11
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 0)
% Row 12
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Endomembrane System}}} \tn 
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% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{System}} - Another characteristic of eukaryotes that provides advantage to the cell due to different compartments (organelles) →  fine tuned to be the best environment for their job} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{Idea}} - System of internal membranes nucleus (has code for making all the proteins) → continuous membrane with the ER (pro. factory) →  smooth and rough (vesicles exit the right after and go to the golgi body) → the golgi body (place for modifying cellular products) buds off more vesicles that could fuse with the membrane and dump out the contents, could involve other organelles} \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
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\vfill
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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Unit 2: Cell Biology (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
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% Row 16
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Endosymbiotic Theory}}} \tn 
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% Row 17
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{Endosymbiosis}} - one organism living inside of another} \tn 
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% Row 18
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Theory: a cell absorbed mitochondria/chloroplast \& displayed the combined ability of both} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{Evidence}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1. Mitochondria \& Chloroplasts multiply like ancient protists} \tn 
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% Row 21
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{2. M \& C have their own DNA (circular) + ribosomes similar to ancient bacteria} \tn 
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% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{3. M \& C have inner and outer membranes (inner is their own w/ lipids from ancient bacteria; outer is the cell that they acquired when engulfed)} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Membrane Structure}}} \tn 
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% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{A phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that is selectively permeable (ambiphilic: polar cannot penetrate; non polar passes right through ex. steroid hormone)} \tn 
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% Row 26
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 0)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Passive Transport}}} \tn 
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% Row 28
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{Diffusion}} -  (↑ to ↓ concentration) uses concentration gradients} \tn 
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% Row 29
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Factors Affecting Diffusion: Amount of gradient, Mass of molecules, Temp, Solvent Density, Solubility, Surface Area \& Membrane Thickness, Distance Traveled} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 4)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{Osmosis}} - movement of H₂O to balance solute concentration (H₂O moves from high H₂O potential (less negative) to low H₂O potential (more negative) :: pure H₂O =  w.p.)} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 4)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{total w.p.= solute potential + physical pressure} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Unit 2: Cell Biology (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{Facilitated Diffusion}} - (↑ to ↓ with help)  type of diffusion guided by the presence of another integral membrane protein forming a pore or channel} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 0)
% Row 34
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Active Transport}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 35
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{Active Transport}} - uses free energy to move against concentration gradient} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{Primary Active Transport}} - ATP dependent} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 37
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{Secondary Active Transport}} - Primary dependent} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 38
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{Pumps}} - work against electromagnetic gradient} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 39
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 0)
% Row 40
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Bulk Transport}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 41
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{Endocytosis}} - entering the cell (loss of membrane)} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 42
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Types - {\emph{Phagocytosis}} (cell eating); {\emph{Phinocytosis}} (cell drinking)} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 43
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{Photocytosis}} - uses caveolin \& is receptor mediated} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 44
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{Exocytosis}} - exiting the cell (membrane gain)} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 45
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{Transcytosis}} - in one side, out the other} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Eukaryotic Cell Structure/Function (Animal)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{3.833cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/marisamcgovern_1588708759_f03abf5514f59614845d3f5aa2af6f4c--animal-cell-project-d-animal-cell.jpg}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Eukaryotic Cell Structure/Function (Plant)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{3.833cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/marisamcgovern_1588708933_cell-structure-and-function-part-01-15-638.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Prokaryote Cell Structure}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{3.833cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/marisamcgovern_1588709039_bacteria_cell_drawing-5786db0a5f9b5831b54f017c.jpg}}} \tn 
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Unit 3: Cell Respiration \& PhotoSynthesis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Photosynthesis (Concept)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Light Energy → Chemical Compounds (Glucose)} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{2 Electron Transport Chains: 1 makes ATP, 1 makes NADPH} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 0)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Cellular Respiration}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Glucose → Usable Energy} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1 Electron Transport Chain: makes ATP} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 0)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Compare}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Depend on each other \textless{}-\textgreater{} Chemical Eqs} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Both help ATP synthase: Both have H+ pumps (One pumps in, other out)} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 0)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Alternative Photosynthesis Pathways}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{C3}} - Concept (Normal Plant); Flaw (H₂O Loss); Where (Cell: Mezophill)(World: Everywhere)} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{C4}} - Concept ("Air Lock": extra step before Calvin Cycle); Flaw ( Costs Extra Energy); Where Cell (Mezophill \& Calvin Cycle); Where World (↑Light; ↓ Nutrients)} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{CAM}} - Concept ("Night Closed": extra step before Calvin Cycle); Flaw ( Costs Extra Energy); Where Cell (Mezophill \& Calvin Cycle during day); Where World (dry, arid places)} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 4)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{Rubisco}} - Concept ( Enzyme s CO₂ from inorganic → organic); Flaw (Not selective → causes Photorespiration); Where Cell (Calvin Cycle)} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Alternative Photosynthesis Pathways}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{3.833cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/marisamcgovern_1588709880_c3-c4-and-cam_med.jpeg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Glycolysis}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{3.833cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/marisamcgovern_1588710074_6ac4235407e7d6ed4bdf09304b9c0059.jpg}}} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Imput: 1 Glucose; 2 ATP; 2 NAD+ \newline Output: 2 Pyruvate; 2 ATP (net); 2 NADH \newline Where: Cytoplasm \newline  \newline Explanation:  \newline 1. use ATP to trap \& breakdown glucose \newline 2. Continue with oxidative phosphorylation to make 2 pyruvate}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Pyruvate Decarboxylation}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{3.833cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/marisamcgovern_1588710377_pyruvate-oxidation.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Input: 2 Pyruvate; 2 NAD+ \newline Output: 2 AcetylCoA; 2 NADH; 2 CO₂ \newline Where: Mitochondria Matrix \newline  \newline Explination:  \newline 1. Remove Carboxyl Group \newline 2. Oxidise Acetyl Group \newline 3. Attach CoA}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}