\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article} % Packages \usepackage{fancyhdr} % For header and footer \usepackage{multicol} % Allows multicols in tables \usepackage{tabularx} % Intelligent column widths \usepackage{tabulary} % Used in header and footer \usepackage{hhline} % Border under tables \usepackage{graphicx} % For images \usepackage{xcolor} % For hex colours %\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc} % For unicode character support \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} % Without this we get weird character replacements \usepackage{colortbl} % For coloured tables \usepackage{setspace} % For line height \usepackage{lastpage} % Needed for total page number \usepackage{seqsplit} % Splits long words. %\usepackage{opensans} % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely. \usepackage[normalem]{ulem} % For underlining links % Most of the following are not required for the majority % of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support. \usepackage{amsmath} % Symbols \usepackage{MnSymbol} % Symbols \usepackage{wasysym} % Symbols %\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel} % Languages % Document Info \author{marijke} \pdfinfo{ /Title (french-grammar-basics.pdf) /Creator (Cheatography) /Author (marijke) /Subject (French Grammar Basics Cheat Sheet) } % Lengths and widths \addtolength{\textwidth}{6cm} \addtolength{\textheight}{-1cm} \addtolength{\hoffset}{-3cm} \addtolength{\voffset}{-2cm} \setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.2cm} % Space between columns \setlength{\headsep}{-12pt} % Reduce space between header and content \setlength{\headheight}{85pt} % If less, LaTeX automatically increases it \renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove footer line \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove header line \renewcommand{\seqinsert}{\ifmmode\allowbreak\else\-\fi} % Hyphens in seqsplit % This two commands together give roughly % the right line height in the tables \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3} \onehalfspacing % Commands \newcommand{\SetRowColor}[1]{\noalign{\gdef\RowColorName{#1}}\rowcolor{\RowColorName}} % Shortcut for row colour \newcommand{\mymulticolumn}[3]{\multicolumn{#1}{>{\columncolor{\RowColorName}}#2}{#3}} % For coloured multi-cols \newcolumntype{x}[1]{>{\raggedright}p{#1}} % New column types for ragged-right paragraph columns \newcommand{\tn}{\tabularnewline} % Required as custom column type in use % Font and Colours \definecolor{HeadBackground}{HTML}{333333} \definecolor{FootBackground}{HTML}{666666} \definecolor{TextColor}{HTML}{333333} \definecolor{DarkBackground}{HTML}{7B9CE8} \definecolor{LightBackground}{HTML}{EEF2FC} \renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault} \color{TextColor} % Header and Footer \pagestyle{fancy} \fancyhead{} % Set header to blank \fancyfoot{} % Set footer to blank \fancyhead[L]{ \noindent \begin{multicols}{3} \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \vspace{-7pt} {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}} } \end{tabulary} \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L} \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{French Grammar Basics Cheat Sheet}}}} \\ \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{marijke} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/7306/cs/1129/}}} \end{tabulary} \end{multicols}} \fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize \noindent \begin{multicols}{3} \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}} \\ \vspace{-2pt}marijke \\ \uline{cheatography.com/marijke} \\ \end{tabulary} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}} \\ \vspace{-2pt}Published 5th July, 2013.\\ Updated 26th February, 2020.\\ Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}. \end{tabulary} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}} \\ \SetRowColor{white} \vspace{-5pt} %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg} Measure your website readability!\\ www.readability-score.com \end{tabulary} \end{multicols}} \begin{document} \raggedright \raggedcolumns % Set font size to small. Switch to any value % from this page to resize cheat sheet text: % www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html \footnotesize % Small font. \begin{multicols*}{3} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.12779 cm} x{1.08602 cm} x{0.87717 cm} x{1.08602 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Articles}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Article}} & {\bf{Female}} & {\bf{Male}} & {\bf{Plural}} \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 2) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} the & la & le & les \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 1) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} a & une & un & des \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 1) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{le}} and {\emph{la}} change to {\emph{l'}} when used in front of a word starting with a vowel and most words starting with {\emph{h}} \newline \newline {\bf{une, une, des}} changes to {\bf{de}} when used in negative sentences} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.89126 cm} x{3.08574 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Adjectives}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Male}} & {\bf{Female}} \tn % Row Count 1 (+ 1) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} - & -e \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 1) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} -e & - \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 1) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} -f & -ve \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 1) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} -x & -se \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 1) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} -er & -ère \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 1) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} -an & -anne \tn % Row Count 7 (+ 1) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} -en & -enne \tn % Row Count 8 (+ 1) % Row 8 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} -on & -onne \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 1) % Row 9 \SetRowColor{white} -el & -elle \tn % Row Count 10 (+ 1) % Row 10 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} -eil & -eille \tn % Row Count 11 (+ 1) % Row 11 \SetRowColor{white} -et & -ette / -ète \tn % Row Count 12 (+ 1) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{some common adjectives follow no pattern \newline \newline when an adjective describes a masculine and feminine noun, use the masculine plural form} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.08602 cm} x{1.00248 cm} p{0.79363 cm} x{1.29487 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Demonstrative Adjective}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & {\bf{Female}} & {\bf{Male}} & {\emph{these/those}} \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 2) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} {\emph{this/that}} & cette & ce (cet) & ces \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 2) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{cet}} is used in front of masculine nouns which begin with a vowel and most words beginning with {\bf{h}} \newline \newline add {\bf{-ci}} to the end of nouns for close \newline add {\bf{-là}} to the end of nouns for far} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.37841 cm} x{1.00248 cm} p{0.79363 cm} x{1.00248 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Possessive Adjectives}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Adjective}} & {\bf{Female}} & {\bf{Male}} & {\bf{Plural}} \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 2) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} my & ma & mon & mes \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 1) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} your {\emph{ (tu)}} & ta & ton & tes \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 1) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} his/her/its & sa & son & ses \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 1) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} our & notre & notre & nos \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 1) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} your {\emph{(vous)}} & votre & votre & vos \tn % Row Count 8 (+ 2) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} their & leur & leur & leurs \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 1) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{use {\bf{mon, ton, son}} with feminine singular nouns in front of vowels and {\bf{h}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.84149 cm} x{3.13551 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Pronouns}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} who & qui \tn % Row Count 1 (+ 1) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} whom & que \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 1) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} which & lequel \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 1) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} whose & dont \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 1) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} this & ce \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 1) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} that & ça \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 1) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} this & ceci \tn % Row Count 7 (+ 1) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} the one & celle /celui \tn % Row Count 8 (+ 1) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.69349 cm} x{1.55618 cm} x{1.32733 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Personal Pronouns}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & {\bf{Singular}} & {\bf{Plural}} \tn % Row Count 1 (+ 1) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} I & je / moi & nous \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 1) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} you & tu / te /toi & vous \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 1) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} he/it & il & ils /eux \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 1) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} she/it & elle & elles \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 1) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} me & me / moi & nous \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 1) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} him/it & le & les /eux \tn % Row Count 7 (+ 1) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} her/it & la & \tn % Row Count 8 (+ 1) % Row 8 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} to him/her/it & lui & leur \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 1) % Row 9 \SetRowColor{white} oneself & soi & \tn % Row Count 10 (+ 1) % Row 10 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} -self & -même & -mêmes \tn % Row Count 11 (+ 1) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{je}} changes to {\bf{j'}} in front of vowels and most {\bf{h}} and the word {\bf{y}}, same with {\bf{me}} and {\bf{te}}. \newline \newline {\bf{on}} can be used to mean {\emph{we, someone, you, they, one}} or people in general} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.69349 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.3731 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Possessive Pronouns}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Pronoun}} & {\bf{Female}} & {\bf{Male}} \tn % Row Count 1 (+ 1) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} mine & la mienne & le mien \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 1) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} yours & la tienne & le tien \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 1) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} his/hers & la sienne & le sien \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 1) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} ours & la nôtre & le nôtre \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 1) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} yours & la vôtre & le vôtre \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 1) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} theirs & la leur & le leur \tn % Row Count 7 (+ 1) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{add {\bf{s}} to the end of the pronouns for plural form and use {\bf{les}} instead of {\bf{la, le}} \newline \newline {\bf{en}} is used in phrases with {\bf{de}} to avoid repeating the same word \newline {\bf{y}} is used in phrases with {\bf{à}} to avoid repeating the same word} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.9908 cm} x{2.9862 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Phrases}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} He's/She's & C'est un/une \tn % Row Count 1 (+ 1) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} They are & C'est sont des \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 1) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} not & ne... pas.. \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 1) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} never & ne... jemais... \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 1) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.38896 cm} x{2.58804 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Plural nouns}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Singular}} & {\bf{Plural}} \tn % Row Count 1 (+ 1) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} -eau & -x \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 1) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} -eu & -x \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 1) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} -ou & -s* \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 1) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} -al & -aux \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 1) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} -ail & -aux \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 1) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} -s / -x /-z & nothing added \tn % Row Count 7 (+ 1) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{*some {\bf{-ou}} will add {\bf{-x}} \newline In general, all others take {\bf{-s}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.84149 cm} x{3.13551 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Preposition}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Preposition}}} \tn % Row Count 1 (+ 1) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} to & à \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 1) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} to + the & à la (f), au (m), aux (p) \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 2) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} from & de \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 1) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} from + the & de la (f), du (m), des (p) \tn % Row Count 7 (+ 2) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} in & en \tn % Row Count 8 (+ 1) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} after & après \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 1) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} before & avant \tn % Row Count 10 (+ 1) % Row 8 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} with & avec \tn % Row Count 11 (+ 1) % Row 9 \SetRowColor{white} at & chez \tn % Row Count 12 (+ 1) % Row 10 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} against & contre \tn % Row Count 13 (+ 1) % Row 11 \SetRowColor{white} into & dans \tn % Row Count 14 (+ 1) % Row 12 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} since & depuis \tn % Row Count 15 (+ 1) % Row 13 \SetRowColor{white} behind & derrière \tn % Row Count 16 (+ 1) % Row 14 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} in front of & devant \tn % Row Count 17 (+ 1) % Row 15 \SetRowColor{white} between ... and & entre ... et \tn % Row Count 19 (+ 2) % Row 16 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} until & jusque \tn % Row Count 20 (+ 1) % Row 17 \SetRowColor{white} by/per & par \tn % Row Count 21 (+ 1) % Row 18 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} during & pendant \tn % Row Count 22 (+ 1) % Row 19 \SetRowColor{white} for & pour \tn % Row Count 23 (+ 1) % Row 20 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} without & sans \tn % Row Count 24 (+ 1) % Row 21 \SetRowColor{white} except & sauf \tn % Row Count 25 (+ 1) % Row 22 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} under & sous \tn % Row Count 26 (+ 1) % Row 23 \SetRowColor{white} on & sur \tn % Row Count 27 (+ 1) % Row 24 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} towards & vers \tn % Row Count 28 (+ 1) % Row 25 \SetRowColor{white} this is & voici \tn % Row Count 29 (+ 1) % Row 26 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} that is & voilà \tn % Row Count 30 (+ 1) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} % That's all folks \end{multicols*} \end{document}