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  /Title (exploring-ethics-chapters-8-9-10-11-16-17.pdf)
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  /Author (lsanchez)
  /Subject (Exploring Ethics Chapters 8,9,10,11,16,17 Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Exploring Ethics Chapters 8,9,10,11,16,17 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{lsanchez} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/19496/cs/2606/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 28th September, 2014.\\
   Updated 9th May, 2016.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch. 8 Summary Points}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{1.}} Doing something that is wrong is supposed to give you reason not to do it. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
a) But what if I don't care about others, what reason do I have not to do wrong. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
{\bf{2.}} The argument is basically "How would you like it if someone did that to you" \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
a) This is supposed to make you feel guilty and hesitate your wrong action. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
b) What if someone counters by saying "luckily no one {\bf{is}} doing it to me, I'm doing it to someone else" \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 3)
c) You are supposed to think of the feelings you'd have in their position and not whether you'd like it or not. Basically you would resent that being done to you. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 4)
{\bf{3.}} If you admit that you would resent it if someone else did to you what you are now doing to him, you are admitting that you think he would have a reason not to do it to you. This is because he then would resent it too. (basically switching roles) \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 6)
a) This is a matter of consistency because when you admit that another person would have a reason not to harm you in similar circumstances, then you'd have to admit that the same reason applies to you now. \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 5)
{\bf{4.}} Someone could counter by saying they do would not resent it if a wrong action was done to them, they would just not like it. \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 3)
a) Most people would think their own interests and harms matter not only to themselves but others so one would have to be crazy not to feel resentment.% Row Count 33 (+ 4)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch. 9 Preface}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{1.}} According to psychological egoism, we don't take into account the interests of others because all human behavior is motivated only be self-interest. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
{\bf{2.}} According to ethical egoism, even if we could act in the interest of others, we ought not do so but should be concerned only with ourselves.% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch. 9 Psychological Egoism Arguments \& Counters}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{1.}} All men are selfish and anything they do is in self-interest. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
a) This says that people never voluntarily do anything except what they want to do. This is wrong for two reasons. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
b) There are actions we do not because we want to but because it is a means to an end we want to achieve.  \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3)
i) no one likes going to the dentist but we go if we have a toothache \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
ii)going to work every day just to get our pay at the end of the month \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
c) There are actions we do, not because we want to but because we feel obligated to \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
i) doing something because you promised and now feel obligated. \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
{\bf{2.}} Unselfish actions always produce a sense of self-satisfaction and because satisfaction makes you consciously feel good, then we are only doing unselfish actions for the satisfaction and not to help others \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 5)
a) If we assist a friend with homework it is because we want them to success. If we did not have that concern then we would take no pleasure in helping them \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 4)
i) These concerns are the marks of unselfishness and not selfishness \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 2)
b) In the friend example, satisfaction is not the objective of our action, it is seeing them success and if we derive satisfaction from that it does not mean we are selfish on account of it.% Row Count 31 (+ 4)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch. 9 Three Confusions of Psychological Egoism}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{1.}} Selfishness and Self-Interest are the same thing \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
a) It is in your best interest to see a doctor when you are sick but this does not make you selfish \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
b) Selfish behavior is behavior that ignores the interests of others, in circumstances in which their interests should not be ignore. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3)
i) Calling an action selfish means you are condemning it. Eating a balanced breakfast is in your best interests but not selfish while hoarding food while others are starving is self-interest but also selfish. \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 5)
{\bf{2.}} All actions are done from self-interest or from other-regarding motives \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
a) Smoking after knowing it causes cancer is not done from self-interest or is altruistically, instead it is done for pleasure. Self-interest would be to quit smoking at once. \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 4)
{\bf{3.}} Concern for your own welfare is incompatible with genuine concern for others welfare. \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 2)
a) Sometimes there will be occasions where our own interests conflict with the interests of others (family \& friends) and many times we will choose their interests over ours. \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 4)
b) Sometimes we can promote the welfare of others when our own interests are not involved at all.% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch. 9 Ethical Egoists Arguments and Counters}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{1.}} Even though it is possible for people to act altruistically, there is no reason why the should do so. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
a) If I decide to burn down a building just to see a spectacular blaze; according to this view, the fact that people might die provides no reason to why I should not do it because this only concerns their welfare and not my own (seeing a blaze) \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 5)
{\bf{2.}} Some would counter saying that Ethical Egoists would not go to such extremes because it is in their best interest to not set the fire because it is to their advantage to respect the rights and interest of others and would maintain the sort of society which is in their advantage to have.  \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 6)
a) This argument is just saying that the egoist must encourage others to act benevolently but he himself wont.% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch. 9 Egoist Challenge for Doing the Right Thing}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{1.}} The reason one ought not to do actions that would hurt other people is other people would be hurt and same goes for actions that benefit.  \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
a) An egoist would state that we may accept this as a reason but he does not and this is where the argument ends. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3)
b) An egoist is saying that "It would harm another person" is not a reason not to do an action. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
i) Basically he is saying he has no affection for friends or family and never feels pity or compassion.% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch. 9 Ethical Egoism Can't Be Universalized}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{1.}} To say that an action is right entails that it is right for anyone in the same circumstance. (I drink your soda but complain when you drink mine) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
{\bf{2.}} Ethical egoism can't meet that requirement because the egoist does not want others to act in the same way he acts. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3)
a)Furthermore, an egotist cannot advocate universalizing egoism because it would be inconsistent. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
i) Telling Paul to pursue his own interests even if it means destroying Peter and then telling Peter to do the same. \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 3)
{\bf{3.}} The only way for an egoist to be consistent is to wish a world where he would want everyone to be altruistic so that he can be egoistic and maximize his own interests.  \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 4)
a) This would allow for him to be consistently egoistic, even if he pretended to be altruistic,  he would still be consistent because his altruism would only be as a means to an end (deceit others so he could be egoistic).% Row Count 21 (+ 5)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch. 10 The Happy Immoralist}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{1.}} Philippa Foot believes that great happiness has to come from something deep in human nature like; affection for children, desire to work and love of freedom and truth which means an immoral person can never truly be happy. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 5)
a) Cahn counters by giving an example of a guy who achieves his 3 goals of fame wealth and reputation but is also a treacherous and dishonest person. This guy would be considered immoral but he shows that he is happy.% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch. 10 The Unhappy Immoralist}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{1.}} Plato believes that full happiness is the satisfaction one takes in having a personality where all elements that make a fully realized life are harmoniously integrated. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
a) An immoral lacks some of these needed attributes- integrity, moral emotions. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
b)Now, the immoralist may be happy in some limited way but will never be happy in a full sense. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
{\bf{2.}} Kierkegaard believes that a person who does not organize his life around the moral good and instead pursues "temporal desires" cannot be truly happy. \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 4)
a) He believes the problem of living devoted only to temporal goods is that \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
i) It ultimately leads to boredom and despair. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
ii) It is typically characterized by self-deception. \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
iii) It falls short of full humanity. \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
b) A person with only temporal desires will get bored and always be looking for new temporal desires to replace others. Basically jumping from temporary happiness to temporary happiness. This is called "boredom avoidance strategy". \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 5)
{\bf{3.}} Murphy believes much much like Kierkegaard but adds that a person with temporal values will always live with fear of eventually losing these values and this type of fear cannot be compatible with happiness. \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 5)
a)He believes like Aristotle that happiness is better understood as an attribute and not of a present moment of one's life but a whole life.  \newline % Row Count 31 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch. 10 The Unhappy Immoralist (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{b)He admits that not everyone sees happiness as the same thing and that some conceptual or linguistic revision is happening. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
i) But he thinks this is a helpful thing because it can sometimes enlarge and deepen moral understanding.% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch. 10 A Challenge to Morality}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{1.}} Philosophers hate the possibility of a happy immoralist because if people thought they could be happy and immoral they would lose motivation to choose the moral path. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
a)What do we do when our moral values and our happiness conflict? \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
i) For examples look at the Kate/Joan story and Crimes and Misdemeanors plot.% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch. 11 What Does Disagreement Exactly Entail}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{1.}} Disagreement has two broad sense with the first being a disagreement in belief.  \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
a) This occurs when Mr. A believe "p" when Mr. B believe "not-p" or something incompatible with "p". \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
{\bf{2.}} The second is a disagreement in attitude.  \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
a) This occurs when Mr. A have a favorable attitude to something, when Mr. B has an unfavorable or less favorable attitude.  \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3)
b) For example, Mr. A wants to go to a restaurant that Mr. B doesn't like. They have a disagreement in attitude over going to that restaurant.  \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 3)
{\bf{3.}} The difference between the two is that in disagreement in belief, both beliefs cannot be true and in a disagreement in attitude both attitudes cannot be satisfied.% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch. 11 What Does an Argument Entail}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{1.}} Ethical arguments usually involve disagreement in belief and disagreement in attitude. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
a)Usually the distinguishing feature in an ethical argument is the disagreement in attitude (the main deciding point) \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
{\bf{2.}} Disagreement in attitude plays a unifying and predominating role in the argument in two ways. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3)
a) It determines what beliefs are relevant to the argument. \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
i) For a belief to be relevant in the argument, it must be likely to lead one side or the other to change their attitude. \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 3)
b) Ethical argument usually terminates when disagreement in attitude terminates even though disagreement in belief may still remain. \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 3)
{\bf{3.}} It may be possible for all disagreements in beliefs to end but there still be a disagreement in attitude. \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 3)
a) Either side would then look for other beliefs that could be introduced into the argument. \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 2)
b) They may use words to play on each other's emotion. \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 2)
c) They may just agree in attitude in order to end the argument because they consider this better than an impasse even though neither side seceded their position \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 4)
d) Or they may just abandon hope of settling the dispute by peaceable means% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch. 11 Resolving Arguments with Sci. Methods}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{1.}} Scientific Methods can resolve the disagreement in belief but can only resolve a disagreement in attitude indirectly.  \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
a) The only way they can resolve disagreement in attitude is if they resolve a disagreement in beliefs and that resolution leads to an agreement in attitude. Scientific methods cannot directly impact a resolution in attitude. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 5)
{\bf{2.}} Although scientific methods can indirectly end an argument it cannot be guaranteed a definite role in normative sciences for the following reasons, \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 4)
a) It is possible that there could still be a disagreement in attitude even though scientific methods resolved all disagreements in belief. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 3)
i) This could be due to differences in temperament, early training or social status that makes them dogmatic. \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 3)
{\bf{3.}} In this case there is still usefulness for using scientific methods to attempt to resolve an argument.  \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 3)
a) It leads people to discover the discrepancies in their beliefs and to prolong enlightening argument that may lead from commonly accepted beliefs to commonly accepted attitudes. \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 4)
b) It leads people people to reconcile their attitudes in a rational permanent way.% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch. 11 Dr. Ice Class Notes}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Disagreement in Belief - facts \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
Disagreement in Attitude - values, ethics, like/dislike, approve/disapprove% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch 16. Two Kinds of Virtue}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{1.}} Intellectual virtue which is thinking well or virtuously.  \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
a) We learn this through teaching and requires experience and time. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
{\bf{2.}} Moral virtue comes about as a result of habit.  \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
a) We attain this by habitually doing good acts% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch. 16 Mean in Passions and Emotions}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{1.}} There are passions and actions  under the right conditions are virtuous. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
a) Some are; fear, confidence, appetite, anger, pity, general pleasure, and pain. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
b) These are all bad when in defect or excess but when done correctly are characteristics of virtue \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
{\bf{2.}} The conditions they must be done under are \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
a) Right times \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
b) In reference to the right objects \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
c) Towards the right people \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
d) With the right motive \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
e) In the right way% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch. 16 Three Parts of the Soul}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Soul= Body+Essential \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
{\bf{1.}}Vegetative - Plants, animals, humans \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
a) This entails nutrition and growth \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
{\bf{2.}} Life of perception - animals, humans \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
a) This entails sense and motion \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
{\bf{3.}} Rational - Humans \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
a) This entails reason. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
With this explanation, Aristotle is trying to find what is peculiar to man and the function of man.% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch. 16 Conditions for an Act to Be Good}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{1.}} You must have knowledge to know what the good is in a situation or in an act.  \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
{\bf{2.}} You must choose to do it because it's good and not for selfish reasons. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
{\bf{3}} His action must proceed from a firm and unchangeable character. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
a) You have to be good all the time not just one day yes and another day no.% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch. 16 Actions that are Always Wrong}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{1.}} Some actions no matter if done in defect, excess or mean, will always be wrong because by their names some already imply badness They are, \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
a) Spite \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
b) Shamelessness \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
c) Envy \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
d) Adultery \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
e) Theft \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
f) Theft \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
g) Murder% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}