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% Most of the following are not required for the majority
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% Document Info
\author{louielegrand}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (cs-232-computer-organization-final.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (louielegrand)
  /Subject (CS 232 Computer Organization Final Cheat Sheet)
}

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% Header and Footer
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\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
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    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{CS 232 Computer Organization Final Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{louielegrand} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/27914/cs/8200/}}}
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}

\fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}louielegrand \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/louielegrand} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 14th May, 2016.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
\vfill
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




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% Set font size to small. Switch to any value
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\begin{multicols*}{4}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{1.09856 cm} x{2.33444 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Terminology}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Tera & 10\textasciicircum{}12\textasciicircum{} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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Giga & 10\textasciicircum{}9\textasciicircum{} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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Mega & 10\textasciicircum{}6\textasciicircum{} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Kilo & 10\textasciicircum{}3\textasciicircum{} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
1 GHz & 1x10\textasciicircum{}9\textasciicircum{} Hz \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
1 TB & 1x10\textasciicircum{}12\textasciicircum{} Byte \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
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1 Byte & 8 Bits \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.27386 cm} x{0.87957 cm} x{0.87957 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Conversions}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{Binary}} & {\bf{Hex}} & {\bf{Dec}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
1111 & 0F & 15 \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{2.30011 cm} p{1.13289 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2's Complement}}  \tn
% Row 0
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0111 & 7 \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
1000 & -8 \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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1111 & -1 \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{1.42551 cm} p{0.3033 cm} p{1.30419 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Logic Gates}}  \tn
% Row 0
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AND &  & A B \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
OR &  & A+B \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
NOT &  & A \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
NAND &  & A B \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
NOR &  & A+B \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
XOR &  & A B \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.33363 cm} p{0.33363 cm} x{2.36574 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{XOR Truth Table}}  \tn
% Row 0
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A & B & A XOR B \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
0 & 0 & 0 \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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0 & 1 & 1 \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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1 & 0 & 1 \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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1 & 1 & 0 \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Basic Identities}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{Name (Law)}} & {\bf{AND form}} & {\bf{OR form}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Identity & 1A = A & 0+A = A \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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Null & 0A = 0 & 1+A = 1 \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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Idempotent & AA = A & A+A = A \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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Inverse & AA = 0 & A+A = 1 \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
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\seqsplit{Commutative} & AB = BA & A+B = B+A \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 6
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\seqsplit{Associative} & (AB)C = A(BC) & (A+B)+C = A+(B+C) \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 7
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\seqsplit{Distributive} & A+BC = (A+B)(A+C) & A(B+C) = AB+AC \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Absorption & A(A+B) = A & A+AB = A \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 9
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DeMorgan's & AB = A+B & A+B = AB \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.16722 cm} x{2.26578 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Boolean Concepts}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{Addition}} & {\bf{Subtraction}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
1+1 = 10 & 0-1 = 1 (borrow method) \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{All other operations straightforward.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Boolean Concepts II}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Carry out: Carry out of leftmost bit} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Overflow: Result too large or small to fit into bits} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{S-R Latch}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{3.833cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/louielegrand_1463158816_SR Latch.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Decoder}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Image could not be loaded.} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Other Sequential Circuits}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Multiplexer} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Demultiplexer} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Decoder} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Encoder} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Priority Encoder} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Byte Ordering}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Bytes in a word can be numbered from left to right or right to left. Big-endian: Most significant byte (byte containing most significant bit) is stored first and following bytes are stored in decreasing significance order. Little-endian is the opposite.% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Memory Hierarchy}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{In order of increasing access time, storage capacity, and bits you get per dollar spent: Registers; Cache; Main Memory; Magnetic or solid state disk; Tape or Optical Disk.% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cache}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Component that stores data to speed up future search requests. Cache hit - data can be found vs Cache miss - data cannot be found. Hit rate - \% of accesses resulting in cache hits. Relatively small due to cost. Locality of reference - Temporal locality: reuse of specific data, and/or resources, within a relatively small time duration. Spatial locality: use of data elements within relatively close storage locations. Tradeoff: Larger caches have better hit rates but longer latency. Small fast caches backed up by larger, slower caches. Multi-level caches: check fastest L1 cache first; if it hits, proceeds at HS. If L1 misses, L2 is checked, and so on, before accessing external memory.% Row Count 14 (+ 14)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{0.81891 cm} x{1.2132 cm} x{1.00089 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cache Mapping}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Cache type}} & {\bf{Hit Ratio}} & {\bf{Search speed}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Direct Mapped & Good & Best \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
N-Way Set \seqsplit{Associative} & Very good, better as N increases & Good, worse as N increases \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Fully \seqsplit{associative} & Best & Moderate \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Replacement Algorithms}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Optimize management of cache - chooses which items to discard in a full cache} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Each is a tradeoff between latency and hit ratio} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Common: LRU, MRU, RR, 2-way set, Direct-mapped} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.7165 cm} x{1.7165 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Write Policy}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Write-through}} & {\bf{Write-back}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Write is done synchronously both to cache and main mem & Write initially only to cache; write to main memory postponed until cache blocks containing data are about to be modified/replaced \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
ADV: Simpler and more reliable, mem is always up-to-date & ADV: Faster, uses less memory bandwidth \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
DISADV: Write is slower, every write requires main memory access, uses more memory bandwidth & DISADV: More complex, must track "dirty" locations \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mean access time}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{mean access time = c + (1-h)m \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
c - cache access time \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
h - hit ratio \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
m - main memory access time% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.33887 cm} x{2.09413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Data Dependencies}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
True data dependency (RAW) & Occurs when an instruction depends on result of previous instruction \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
WAR & Occurs when an instruction requires a value that is later updated \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
WAW & Occurs when the ordering of instructions will affect the final output value of a variable \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.7165 cm} x{1.7165 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{CISC vs. RISC}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{CISC}} & {\bf{RISC}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Emphasis on hardware & Emphasis on software \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Includes multi-clock complex instructions & Single-clock, reduced instruction only \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Memory-to-memory: "LOAD" and "STORE" incorporated in instructions & \seqsplit{Register-to-register:} "LOAD" and "STORE" are independent instructions \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Small code sizes, high cycles per second & Low cycles per second, large code sizes \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
MULT & LOAD LOAD PROD STORE \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Performance equation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{time/program = time/cycle x cycles/instruction x instructions/program} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{CISC minimzes instructions per program at cost of cycles per instruction} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{RISC reduces cycles per instruction at cost of number of instructions per program} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{State Machines}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Moore Machines: output is a function of the state} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Mealy Machines: output is a function of the state and the input} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Opcode}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Portion of a machine language that specifies the operation to be performed% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.3433 cm} p{0.3433 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Addressing modes}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Immediate} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Direct} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Indirect} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Reg Direct} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Reg Indirect} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Reg Base-Ind} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Reg Base-Scaled Ind} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{0.86889 cm} p{0.47394 cm} p{0.76357 cm} p{0.5266 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Basic ISA Classes}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Accumulator & Stack & Gen Purp Reg & \seqsplit{Load/Store} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
1 or 1+x address & 0 \seqsplit{address} & 2 or 3 address & 3 address \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Circuits}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{3.833cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/louielegrand_1463241148_IMG_3562 (1).JPG}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Speedup Calculation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Speedup = (NT\textasciicircum{}1\textasciicircum{})/{[}K+(N-1){]}T} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Where N is \# of instructions, T\textasciicircum{}1\textasciicircum{} is time for stage 1 CPU to complete instruction} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{K is \# of stages for multistage and T is time for step + latch} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}