\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article}

% Packages
\usepackage{fancyhdr}           % For header and footer
\usepackage{multicol}           % Allows multicols in tables
\usepackage{tabularx}           % Intelligent column widths
\usepackage{tabulary}           % Used in header and footer
\usepackage{hhline}             % Border under tables
\usepackage{graphicx}           % For images
\usepackage{xcolor}             % For hex colours
%\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}    % For unicode character support
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}        % Without this we get weird character replacements
\usepackage{colortbl}           % For coloured tables
\usepackage{setspace}           % For line height
\usepackage{lastpage}           % Needed for total page number
\usepackage{seqsplit}           % Splits long words.
%\usepackage{opensans}          % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely.
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}     % For underlining links
% Most of the following are not required for the majority
% of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support.
\usepackage{amsmath}            % Symbols
\usepackage{MnSymbol}           % Symbols
\usepackage{wasysym}            % Symbols
%\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel}              % Languages

% Document Info
\author{Looza}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (as-level-law-paper-1.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Looza)
  /Subject (AS Level law Paper 1 Cheat Sheet)
}

% Lengths and widths
\addtolength{\textwidth}{6cm}
\addtolength{\textheight}{-1cm}
\addtolength{\hoffset}{-3cm}
\addtolength{\voffset}{-2cm}
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.2cm} % Space between columns
\setlength{\headsep}{-12pt} % Reduce space between header and content
\setlength{\headheight}{85pt} % If less, LaTeX automatically increases it
\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove footer line
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove header line
\renewcommand{\seqinsert}{\ifmmode\allowbreak\else\-\fi} % Hyphens in seqsplit
% This two commands together give roughly
% the right line height in the tables
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3}
\onehalfspacing

% Commands
\newcommand{\SetRowColor}[1]{\noalign{\gdef\RowColorName{#1}}\rowcolor{\RowColorName}} % Shortcut for row colour
\newcommand{\mymulticolumn}[3]{\multicolumn{#1}{>{\columncolor{\RowColorName}}#2}{#3}} % For coloured multi-cols
\newcolumntype{x}[1]{>{\raggedright}p{#1}} % New column types for ragged-right paragraph columns
\newcommand{\tn}{\tabularnewline} % Required as custom column type in use

% Font and Colours
\definecolor{HeadBackground}{HTML}{333333}
\definecolor{FootBackground}{HTML}{666666}
\definecolor{TextColor}{HTML}{333333}
\definecolor{DarkBackground}{HTML}{7F56A3}
\definecolor{LightBackground}{HTML}{F7F4F9}
\renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault}
\color{TextColor}

% Header and Footer
\pagestyle{fancy}
\fancyhead{} % Set header to blank
\fancyfoot{} % Set footer to blank
\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
    \SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
    }
\end{tabulary}
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{AS Level law Paper 1 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Looza} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/213534/cs/46458/}}}
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}

\fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Looza \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/looza} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 26th May, 2025.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
  \SetRowColor{white}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
\raggedright
\raggedcolumns

% Set font size to small. Switch to any value
% from this page to resize cheat sheet text:
% www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html
\footnotesize % Small font.

\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Judicial precedent}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Latin Maxim stare decisis & Stand by what has been decided and not unsettle the established \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
ratio decidendi & binding- reason for decision— keeps law accountable \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
obiter dicta & influences law— not binding "other things said" \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Binding Precedent & decison from higher court binding lower court \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
persasive precedent (weaker form of precedent) & Suggest court can be persuade to a decisison \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{application} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
original precedent & no previous decision— judge may apply new rule - create new precedent \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
distinguishing precedent & existing precedent but does not apply in particular case— creating new case \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 4)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
overruling precedent & precedent before-INCORRECT \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Statutory interpretation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
literal rule & interpretation Of statute as it is. Doesn't matter if undesirable outcome. No consideration of intent of parliament \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & strict application— fisher v bell (offering for sale offensive weapon, just displayed knife- not necessarily offer "invitation to treat"— Whitely v Chappell- person not guilty if impersonation to vote if man dead \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 11)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
advantage- legal certainty and predictability & disadvantge- absurd and impractical results. Ignores intent of parliament. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Golden Rule & depart literal meaning if result absurd or unjust. Judges get flexibility \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & narrow and broad interpretation \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
narrow & Adler v George— charged under Official Secrets act (amended later) "in vicinity" also interpreted in the area too \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Statutory interpretation (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Broad & Re Sigsworth— murder mom as next in kin to inherit property. Exclude murderes from benefiti \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
advantages— more flexible than literal rule. Keep in mind parliamentary  intent & disadvantages— inconsistive and objective. Absurd is also not defined \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Mischeif Rule & determine what the " mischief " the law is trying to remedy \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
smith v Hughes & — soliciting towards street from window when statue said no soliciting "on street"- charged for offence using mischief approach keeping parliamentary intent \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 9)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Advantage— flexible parli intent & disadvantage— judicial law makingm, uncertain limited to context \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Purposive approach}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
legislative intent & interpret laws to reflect purpose of parliament- why was it passed?- \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & sense of broad interpretation- beyond precise wording. Look at objective \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
legislative history & Consider materials- parliamentary debate-committee reports- intent. Helped judges to understand mischeif \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
broader context & Interpreting law in light of societal conditions \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
practical application & depart from strict literal meaning if fail to achieve legislative purpose \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
use of extrinsic aid & Hansard-Explanatory notes-common law- law reform proposals \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & material outside statute \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
intrinsic aids & inside statute- preambular \seqsplit{language-headings-titles} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
the role of judges & more active- not just law enforcers- participants shaping law \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Purposive approach (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{compare with literal approach} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
R v Secretary of state & human fertilisation and embryology act 1990-f cloning of embryos permitted? Emerged after passage of cloning technology \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 6)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Ex parte Smith & 1991  prisoner act- prisoner access to fam into \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
advantage-avoid absurd outcomes and justice better alights with parliamentary intent-flexible and adaptable & disadvantage—n activist judiciary, their own views- democratic laws making \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Statutory Interpretation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{why is interpretation needed??} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
ambiguity & words have multiple meanings \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Broad terms & E.g. vehicles could be car or bike \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
drafting errors & esp is rushed legislature \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{technological changes} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
changing use of language & Word meaning evolved e.g. "marriage" \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.72 cm} x{5.28 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Parliamentary law making}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Bills} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Drating & done by MPs and govt dept.s or HOL members \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Govt bills & drafted by Govt Dept.s \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Private members bills & intro by MPs or Lords \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Public bill & apply to whole country \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
private bill & Specific group or org \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Hybrid bill & both private and public characteristics \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Actual drafting} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
first reading & introduced to members of house. Bil's title and main objectives read out. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
Second reading & debate and purpose. Main ideas. Support or oppose \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & voted upon \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
committee stage & examine bill in detail—by public bill committee \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & MPs can suggest amendments \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
report stage & amendments reviewed \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & more detail, refinement \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
Third reading & final l version of bill— discussion and vote on final form \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & bill passed t other house \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
review stage & Other house— possible ping pong \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
royal assent & both houses approve bill-formality \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Advantages of parliamentary law making}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Democratic legitimacy & laws in parliament democratically legit- MPs elected by public. Public has indirect input. Representative democracy \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Govt bills presented by ruling party \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Debate & multiple taxes of debate and review-both houses \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & structured process-reduce poorly drafted laws. Committee stage-detailed examination by experts \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Accountability and parliamentary expertise & Parliamentary proceedings available t public- online- hold MPs accountable to constituents \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.76 cm} x{4.24 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Disadvantages of Parliamentary Law Making}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
process & cumbersome- time consuming-esp in emergencies-e.g covid legislature \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & controversial law takes longer \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Partisanship and Political INfluence & ruling govt prioritised-tyranny of the majority- whip system \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
house of Lords & critisism of lack of democracy- unelected nature- to further limit power \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
private member bills & very limited parliamentary time- very likely to succeed due to lack of support and debate \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
ping pong effect & back and forth- delays-dilution of effectiveness \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.76 cm} x{4.24 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Disadvantages of Parliamentary Law Making}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
process & cumbersome- time consuming-esp in emergencies-e.g covid legislature \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & controversial law takes longer \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Partisanship and Political INfluence & ruling govt prioritised-tyranny of the majority- whip system \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
house of Lords & critisism of lack of democracy- unelected nature- to further limit power \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
private member bills & very limited parliamentary time- very likely to succeed due to lack of support and debate \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
ping pong effect & back and forth- delays-dilution of effectiveness \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.4 cm} x{5.6 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Influences on parliament}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
political parties & Manifesto commitments have significant impact on- ruling party typically controls legislative agenda- whip MPs into voting \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Public opinion & MPs represent constituents- influence healthcare, crime, education-MPspay attention to keep seat- media effects parliament \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Pressure groups & groups seek to influence groups \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
role of media & powerful in setting public agenda. Raise awareness to issues. In-depth investigations \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Law Commission & independent body that reviews and recommends reforms to the law—identifies outdated law-propose changes \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & often done through parliament select committees-using evidence based recommendations \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.6 cm} x{4.4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Aids to statutory interpretation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Internal aids to interpretation} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
preamble & legislative intent \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{section headings and marginal notes} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
interpretation clauses & ensure consistency \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
statutory definitions & The Companies Act - uses terms director and company specifically defined \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
the context of the statute & e.g. Pepper v Hart 1993 (hol used contextual debates to clear text statute) \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{External Aids} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
parliamentary materials & e.g. Hansard -what was said during debate- not used as parliamentary intent should be derived from law \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 5)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Explanatory notes & docs intro into parliament may include insight and summary of bill- help understand mischief of statute \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 5)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
Law Reform Reports (white papers0 & typically published before enactment of legislation- importance context e.g. law commissions report of rape- helped shape sexual offences law \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.6 cm} x{4.4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Aids to statutory interpretation (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
treaties and international law & influence e.g. r v milleruksc interpreted euro communities act to take into account uks clpiance \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
textbooks and legal commentaries & Provide judges with influential context- vital source of context \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Delegated legislation con't}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Advantages & disadvantages \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
saves parliamentary time & undemocratic—made by unelected civil servants \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
expertise— ministers with specific knowledge e.g. bylaws for transport, health, and safety & lack of publicity-SIs and bylaws are less publicised compared t acts \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
flexibility and spee—DL can quickly pass e.g. covid & risk of abuse— Delegated powers too broad-misuse \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
easily updated—orders in council or SLS can plate existing legislature without fully going through parliamentary process & Difficult to control \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 7)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Democratic to extent-e.g. local authority elected by people} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{CONTROLS ON DL} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{parliamentary controls} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
enabling act & sets limit for delegated power - parliament can revoke in case of misuse of \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 4)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
Affirmative resolution & some SIs must be approved by parliament within 40 days \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Delegated legislation con't (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
negative resolution & SI become law unless rejected within 40 days \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 0)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
preamble & legislative intent \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.96 cm} x{5.04 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Judicial controls over DL}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
procedural Ultra Vies & DL not following correct procedure \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & e.g. Aylesbury Mushroom Case \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Substantive ultra Vires & Content of DL goes beyond given power \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & e.g. R v Home Secretaryte Fir Brigade Union \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
wednesbury unreasonable & DL is plain irrational or unfair \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}