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% Document Info
\author{lonnieRCH}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (biological-molecules.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (lonnieRCH)
  /Subject (Biological molecules Cheat Sheet)
}

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\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
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    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Biological molecules Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{lonnieRCH} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/208046/cs/44498/}}}
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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}lonnieRCH \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/lonnierch} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 4th October, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\end{multicols}}




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\begin{multicols*}{4}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.78959 cm} x{2.64341 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Key Terms}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Condensation} & The {\bf{removal}} of a water molecule to {\bf{form}} a bond between 2 molecules. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
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\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Hydrolysis} & The {\bf{chemical addition}} of a water molecule to {\bf{break}} a bond between 2 molecules. \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Ion & A {\bf{charged}} atom or molecule that has {\bf{gained}} or {\bf{lost}} electrons. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Isomer & Molecules with the {\bf{same chemical formula}}, but with a {\bf{different arrangement}} of {\bf{atoms}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Structures}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Should be able to recognise the {\bf{structural formulae}} of the main biological molecules and show {\bf{how}} bonds are {\bf{formed}}. See pg.8} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.61794 cm} x{2.81506 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Inorganic Ions}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Magnesium} & Constituent of {\bf{chlorophyll}} -\textgreater{} needed for {\bf{photosynthesis}}. When lacking, leaves appear yellow ({\bf{chlorosis}}). \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Iron & Constituent of {\bf{haemoglobin}}, so is involved in {\bf{transport of oxygen}}. A diet {\bf{deficient}} in {\bf{iron}} can lead to {\bf{anaemia}}. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Calcium} & {\bf{Structural}} component of {\bf{bones}} and {\bf{teeth}} (phosphate is also required). \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Phosphate} & Needed for {\bf{making nucleotides}} including {\bf{ATP}}. A constituent part of {\bf{phospholipids}} in cell membranes. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Carbohydrates}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Structure:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
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\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Small organic molecules containing {\bf{carbon, oxygen and hydrogen.}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Function:}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Building blocks for more {\bf{complex}} molecules, e.g. ribose, which forms a {\bf{constituent}} molecule of {\bf{RNA}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Source of {\bf{energy}}, e.g. {\bf{glucose}}} \tn 
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% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Energy storage}} molecules, e.g. {\bf{glycogen and starch}}} \tn 
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% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Structural support}}, e.g. cellulose and chitin} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{0.85825 cm} x{2.57475 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Key terms}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Dipolar & A {\bf{polar}} molecule with a {\bf{positive}} and {\bf{negative}} charge. \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Hydrogen bond & {\bf{Weak}} attractive {\bf{force}} between a {\bf{positively}} charged {\bf{hydrogen}} atom and a {\bf{negatively}} charged {\bf{oxygen}} or {\bf{nitrogen}} atom. \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Water Structure}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{It is a {\bf{dipolar}} molecule - Has a {\bf{positively}} charged {\bf{hydrogen}} end and a {\bf{negatively}} charged {\bf{oxygen}} end but {\bf{no}} overall {\bf{charge}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Hydrogen bonds}} easily form {\bf{between}} the {\bf{hydrogen}} on one molecule and the {\bf{oxygen}} on another.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Individually water molecules are weak however {\bf{together}} they are {\bf{strong.}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{The majority of water's properties arise from its {\bf{dipolar}} nature and {\bf{hydrogen bonding.}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Water Molecule}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{3.833cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/lonnierch_1727702037_water molecule.png}}} \tn 
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Monosaccharides}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{All contain {\bf{carbon, hydrogen and oxygen}} (CH2O)n where n is a number between 3 and 6.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{The {\bf{triose sugars}} are important in {\bf{respiration pathways.}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Pentose sugars}} such as ribose and deoxyribose are important constituents of {\bf{nucleic acid}} and deoxyribonucleic acid {\bf{(DNA)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Glucose}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Glucose is a {\bf{hexose sugar}}.} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Other hexose sugars include {\bf{galactose}} and {\bf{fructose}}.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Isomers}} are substances that have the same formula but different structures.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{The isomers of glucose are {\bf{a-glucose}} and {\bf{b-glucose}}.} \tn 
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% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{For Carbon no.1 of {\bf{a-glucose}} the hydroxyl group (OH) is in the down position whereas visa versa for {\bf{b-glucose}}} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Alpha and Beta Glucose}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{3.833cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/lonnierch_1727897862_a and b glucose.jpeg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.51052 cm} x{1.92248 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Water Properties}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Solvent & Involved in many {\bf{biological reactions}}, e.g. hydrolysis and condensation - Allows {\bf{polar molecules}} e.g. glucose and ions, to {\bf{dissolve}}. It a {\bf{transport}} medium e.g. blood. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
High specific heat capacity & Large amount of {\bf{heat energy}} needed to {\bf{increase}} the temp of a {\bf{body of water}} (due to large number of hydrogen bonds that need to be broken) large {\bf{fluctuations}} in temperature are {\bf{prevented}}. {\bf{Aquatic environments}} are therefore relatively {\bf{thermally stable.}} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 13)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
High latent heat of vaporisation & Large amounts of {\bf{heat energy}} are needed to {\bf{vaporise water}}, so it is often used as a {\bf{cooling mechanism}} e.g. sweating in mammals. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Metabolite & It is involved in many {\bf{biochemical reactions}}, e.g. hydrolysis and condensation and as a reactant in photosynthesis. \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.51052 cm} x{1.92248 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Water Properties (cont)}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Cohesion & Water molecules {\bf{attract each other}} and form {\bf{hydrogen bonds}} between themselves. This allows {\bf{water}} to be drawn up the {\bf{xylem}} vessels of trees, and creates {\bf{surface tension}} allowing insects such as the {\bf{pond skater}} to be supported. Water also {\bf{provides support}} for other aquatic organisms e.g. {\bf{jellyfish}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 15)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
High density & Water has a {\bf{maximum density}} at {\bf{4degreesC}}: as a result, {\bf{ice floats}}, and acts as an {\bf{insulator}} {\bf{preventing}} the water beneath from {\bf{freezing completely}}, protecting the aquatic habitat. \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 10)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Transparent & Allows {\bf{light}} to pass through {\bf{enabling}} aquatic plants to {\bf{photosynthesise}}. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Disaccharides}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Formed by {\bf{joining 2 monosaccharides}} together} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Involves the {\bf{loss}} of a molecule of {\bf{water}} and the {\bf{formation}} of a {\bf{glycosidic bond}}, via a {\bf{condensation reaction}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Formation of Maltose}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{3.833cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/lonnierch_1727993234_disaccharidez.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hydrolysis of Maltose}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{3.833cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/lonnierch_1727994516_hydrolysis of maltose.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.6066 cm} x{1.12221 cm} x{1.30419 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of Disaccharide}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Disaccharide}} & {\bf{Component Monosaccharides}} & {\bf{Biological Role}} \tn 
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{\bf{Maltose}} & Glucose + glucose & In germinating seeds \tn 
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{\bf{Sucrose}} & Glucose + fructose & Transport in phloem flowing plants \tn 
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{\bf{Lactose}} & Glucose + galactose & In mammalian milk \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Polysaccharides}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Formed when many monosaccharides {\bf{combine together}} to make a {\bf{polymer}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{They are good {\bf{energy storage molecules}} because:} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{-Unable to {\bf{diffuse}} out of the cell} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}