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\author{livjharrison}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (public-law-2-jr-and-hra.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (livjharrison)
  /Subject (Public Law 2 (JR \& HRA) Cheat Sheet)
}

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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Public Law 2 (JR \& HRA) Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{livjharrison} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/192137/cs/41930/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}livjharrison \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/livjharrison} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 4th January, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\begin{document}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Judicial Review Availability}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Amenability}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{General rule}}: & Only {\bf{public law decisions}} are amenable to JR. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Public law decisions: & A claim to review the {\bf{lawfulness}} of a decision, action or failure to act in relation to the {\bf{exercise of a public function}}. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{JR is mostly appropriate when the decision relates to a {\bf{public body}} carrying out a {\bf{public function}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Public bodies include: & central government departments \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & local authorities \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & inferior courts \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & statutory tribunals \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & statutory bodies, e.g. the Highway Agency \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Decisions taken in the exercise of {\bf{prerogative powers}} are amenable to JR.} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Non-public bodies}} performing {\bf{public law functions}} may be amenable to JR: & Decisions of {\bf{regulatory authorities}} are generally found to be amenable to JR if the functions they are carrying out have a {\bf{sufficiently public and governmental}} character. \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Judicial Review Availability (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{But for}} that body's existence, would {\bf{Parliament have to intervene}} and regulate the activity in question? \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Decisions of some regulatory authorities that are {\bf{public but not governmental}} are {\bf{not}} likely to be amenable to JR.\{\{nl\}\}e.g. sport and religion. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 8)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Contracted out services:}} & Policies may {\bf{contract out}} services to {\bf{private service providers}}. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
 & To be amenable to JR, these providers' services must be under a {\bf{statutory}} duty and not just a {\bf{contractual}} one derived from the commercial relationship. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 8)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}..........{\bf{Procedural Exclusivity}}.........} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Only {\bf{public law}} decisions can be applied for in the administrative court.} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Judicial Review Availability (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Private matters must go to a {\bf{private court}} as a private action, unless {\bf{both parties agree to public}} actions or there is a {\bf{mixed claim}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Bringing a a public law challenge in any other way than by JR would amount to an {\bf{abuse of court process}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Mixed claims}}: & Where a claim involves both public and private law rights the courts may allow JR.. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Note}}: public law grounds can also potentially be used as a defence in private law proceedings.} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}..........{\bf{Standing}}.........} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{The applicant must have {\bf{sufficient interest}} in the decision.} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Initial permission stage}}: & Here, the standing test is designed to {\bf{turn away}} those with {\bf{little hope of success{\emph{ or }}troublesome}}* litigants. \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 6)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Busybodies, cranks and other mischief-makers. \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Full hearing stage}}: & Standing can be {\bf{reconsidered}}. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Here, the court could consider in {\bf{more detail}} whether the applicant can show a {\bf{strong enough case}} on the merits, considering the proximity of their connection to the case issue. \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Judicial Review Availability (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Individuals}} who are {\bf{directly affected}} by a public law decision should have little difficulty satisfying the sufficient interest test.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Associations of individuals}} who {\bf{all}} have sufficient interest may be allowed standing to challenge a matter of {\bf{communal interest}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Pressure groups}} are unlikely to have {\bf{all members}} directly affected so may not satisfy the sufficient interest test.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Pressure groups may be given standing considering their {\bf{expertise, reputation, role}} and {\bf{genuine concerns}}.\{\{nl\}\}The {\bf{absence}} of another {\bf{responsible challenger}} and the {\bf{amount of directly affected members}} is relevant.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 5)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Concerned citizens}} may be allowed standing but {\bf{not}} where there are {\bf{other better placed challengers}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}..........{\bf{Time Limits}}.........} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{A claim must be filed {\bf{promptly}} and {\bf{without undue delay}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{In any event {\bf{no later than 3 months}} after the grounds to make the claim first arose.} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Time limits can be {\bf{extended}} by the court.} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}..........{\bf{Ouster Clauses}}.........} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Ouster clause}}: & A legislative provision which appears to {\bf{exclude the jurisdiction of the Administrative Court to conduct a JR}}. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Judicial Review Availability (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Such clauses are {\bf{rare}}. \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 39
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The judiciary take a {\bf{very strong presumption}} that Parliament does {\bf{not}} intend to exclude JR. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 40
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Leading cases: & {\emph{Anisminic}}: 'shall not be called into question in any court of law'\{\{nl\}\}This ouster clause did not take effect. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 6)
% Row 41
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\emph{Privacy International}}: 'shall not be subject to appeal or be liable to be questioned in any court'\{\{nl\}\}This clause was held to {\bf{not}} exclude JR. JR can only be excluded by {\bf{clear or explicit words}}. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 11)
% Row 42
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time limit ousters}}: & This are {\bf{partial ouster clauses}}. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 43
\SetRowColor{white}
 & They that excludes the jurisdiction of the court once a {\bf{time limit has expired}}. \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Judicial Review Availability (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 44
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Since they do not it remove access to JR entirely, the courts tend to {\bf{enforce}} them. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 45
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The {\bf{normal time limit does not apply}} when any other enactment {\bf{specifies a shorter time limit}} for making a JR claim. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{6.3899 cm} x{10.8801 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Judicial Review: Preliminaries}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Reform}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{The courts must now {\bf{refuse to grant relief}} on a JR application if they deem it {\bf{highly likely}} that the applicant's outcome would not have been {\emph{that}} different had the conduct complained of not occurred.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Exhaustion of Alternatives}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{JR will only be appropriate if there is {\bf{no suitable alternative}} remedy, or {\bf{alternative remedies}} have been {\bf{exhausted}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{If alternative remedies are available, the court can {\bf{refuse permission}} to bring the claim or {\bf{refuse a remedy}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Alternatives include:\{\{nl\}\}- statutory right of appeal\{\{nl\}\}- internal complaints or appeal procedures\{\{nl\}\}- complaint to an ombudsman} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{JR Claim: Procedure}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{1. {\emph{Ex parte}} {\bf{application}} for permission} \tn 
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% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{2. Permission granted where there is {\bf{sufficient interest}} and an {\bf{arguable case}}} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{3. Full {\emph{inter partes}} {\bf{hearing}}} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Remedies}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{The Administrative Court is {\bf{not about compensating}} C but about acting as a {\bf{check on exec power}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Quashing order}}: & Most common remedy. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Invalidates}} the impugned decision. \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{6.3899 cm} x{10.8801 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Judicial Review: Preliminaries (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Usually means the public(/private) body will need to take the decision again, applying the correct law or following a fair procedure. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Prohibitory order}}: & {\bf{Prevents}} a public body from acting or continuing to act {\bf{unlawfully}}. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Mandatory order}}: & {\bf{Compels}} the public body to {\bf{perform}} a public law duty imposed by law. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Declaration}}: & Court may declare what the {\bf{legal position}} is or the {\bf{rights of the parties}}. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & This does {\bf{not}} question the body's exercise of power. \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Declarations can be made {\bf{alone}} or {\bf{alongside}} other orders. \tn 
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% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Injunction}}: & Orders a party to {\bf{perform, or refrain from performing}}, a specific act. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 3)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Relatively {\bf{rare}}. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 1)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Sometimes granted at the {\bf{permission stage}} as a form of {\bf{interim relief}} - either before or after permission is granted. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{6.3899 cm} x{10.8801 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Judicial Review: Preliminaries (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Damages}}: & May be awarded but only if either\{\{nl\}\}(i) the court is satisfied that {\bf{damages could have been awarded in a private law action}}; or\{\{nl\}\}(ii) the public body has {\bf{breached its duties}} under {\bf{HRA 1998}}. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Prerogative orders}}: & These are {\bf{quashing, prohibitory and mandatory}} orders. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & They are {\bf{not}} given as of right. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{white}
 & These are {\bf{specific}} to JR. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Remedies are {\bf{discretionary}} and should only act as a {\bf{necessary counterbalance}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{They should be applied in a {\bf{proportionate}} way to {\bf{balance}} the degree of individual interest in the matter against the wider public interest.} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Grounds for JR: Proportionality?}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{When {\bf{human rights protected by the ECHR}} are engaged, the relevant test to be applied by the courts is that of {\bf{proportionality}}, rather than Wednesbury unreasonableness test.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Proportionality requires that the {\bf{means employed}} by a decision-maker to achieve a legitimate aim must be {\bf{no more than is necessary}} to achieve that aim.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Unless and until Parliament incorporates the ECHR into domestic law, there may currently be {\bf{no basis}} upon which proportionality as applied by the European Court can be followed by UK courts.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Arguably, the {\bf{intensity of review}} is somewhat {\bf{greater}} under the proportionality approach.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{It is argued that proportionality should be recognised as an {\bf{established principle}} of administrative law, not just limited to the ECHR and EU law.} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{It is {\bf{not for the court}} to perform** Wednesbury unreasonableness' burial rites.} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Proportionality is often viewed as a {\bf{more forensic and precise legal test}} than Wednesbury.} \tn 
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% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Wednesbury's replacement by proportionality should only be sanctioned by a {\bf{full panel of UKSC}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{There is likely a need for {\bf{authoritative review}} in this area.} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.1169 cm} x{9.1531 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{HRA, ECHR \& ECtHR}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Introduction}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{HRA}}: & Human Rights Act \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{ECHR}}: & European Convention of Human Rights \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{ECtHR}}: & European Court of Human Rights \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{HRA incorporated most of ECHR into UK domestic law.} \tn 
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% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Before the HRA, people wishing to enforce their rights under the ECHR against the UK had to take their case to ECtHR.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Categories of Protected Rights}}...........} \tn 
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{\bf{Absolute rights}}: & Rights that {\bf{cannot be legitimately interfered with}} by the state. \tn 
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 & E.g. Articles 3, 4 \& 7. \tn 
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{\bf{Limited rights}}: & Rights which {\bf{can}}, in certain prescribed circumstances contained within the articles themselves, {\bf{be legitimately interfered with}} by the state. \tn 
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 & E.g. Articles 2, 5 \& 6. \tn 
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{\bf{Qualified rights}}: & Rights where the {\bf{1st paragraph}} of the article sets out the {\bf{substantive right(s)}} and the {\bf{2nd paragraph}} lists the {\bf{circumstances and methodology}} by which the rights may be {\bf{lawfully interfered with}} by the state. \tn 
% Row Count 40 (+ 11)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.1169 cm} x{9.1531 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{HRA, ECHR \& ECtHR (cont)}}  \tn
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 & E.g. Articles 8, 9, 10 \& 11. \tn 
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% Row 13
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 & To interfere with a qualified right, the {\bf{PBL}}, {\bf{legitimate aim}} and {\bf{proportionality}} requires must be met. \tn 
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% Row 14
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Judicial Principals \& Techniques}}...........} \tn 
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% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{1. Positive obligation}}: & Under this principle the state can in certain circumstances be under a {\bf{duty to prevent the violation of human rights}} being carried out by non-state actors. \tn 
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 & The ECHR obligation requires the state to {\bf{abstain from interfering with a human right}}. \tn 
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 & Contracting states must enact laws in their domestic legal systems that {\bf{prohibit, deter, and punish individuals}} who commit Convention violations. \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.1169 cm} x{9.1531 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{HRA, ECHR \& ECtHR (cont)}}  \tn
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 & There is an {\bf{obligation on authorities}} to take {\bf{preventative measures}} where they {\bf{know or ought to know}} that there is a {\bf{real and immediate risk}} to the life of a person from third party acts. \tn 
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 & If the authorities {\bf{fail to take measures within the scope of their powers}} which judged reasonably might have been {\bf{expected}} to avoid that risk, there is likely a breach, especially if the authority had {\bf{assumed responsibility and control}} over the person. \tn 
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{\bf{2. Margin of appreciation}}: & Contracting states are allowed a {\bf{certain measure of discretion}} when taking measures that restrict ECHR rights. \tn 
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 & State discretion is {\bf{not unlimited}}. \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.1169 cm} x{9.1531 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{HRA, ECHR \& ECtHR (cont)}}  \tn
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 & The ECtHR affords the state a {\bf{broader discretion}} in decisions concerning:\{\{nl\}\}- morality \& religion\{\{nl\}\}- public emergency\{\{nl\}\}- national security\{\{nl\}\}- social, economic \& environmental policies. \tn 
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 & The ECtHR affords {\bf{less discretion}} in decisions concerning {\bf{individual rights}}:\{\{nl\}\}- a person's existence or identity\{\{nl\}\}- a person's liberty\{\{nl\}\}- legal rights \tn 
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 & The margins of appreciation here {\bf{only}} apply to ECtHR cases**. \tn 
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{\bf{3. Principle of proportionality}}: & There is a search for a {\bf{fair balance}} between the demands of the {\bf{general interest of the community}} and the requirements of the {\bf{protection of the individual's fundamental rights}}. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.1169 cm} x{9.1531 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{HRA, ECHR \& ECtHR (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 26
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 & Different variations of the proportionality test are employed for different articles. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{6.3899 cm} x{10.8801 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Section 2 HRA: ECHR Decisions}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Mirror principle}}: & The domestic courts should {\bf{follow any clear and consistent}} ECtHR jurisprudence unless there are special circumstances or the ECtHR decision is fundamentally at odds with the UK constitution. \tn 
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% Row 1
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{\bf{Mirror to dialogue}}: & The relationship between the UK courts and the ECtHR has increasingly been described as one involving dialogue. \tn 
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 & It is argued that legal reasoning on ECHR issues in UK courts should have an influence over ECtHR, and {\bf{not in one direction}}.. \tn 
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 & There are rare occasions where ECtHR decisions may not {\bf{sufficiently appreciate or accommodate}} aspects of a state's {\bf{domestic process}}. \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Section 6(1) HRA: Public Authorities}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{There are {\bf{legal duties}} imposed on {\bf{public authorities}}.} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Parliament in its {\bf{legislative roles}} and any person exercising functions {\bf{in connection with Parliament proceedings}} are {\bf{excluded}} from being public authorities.} \tn 
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{\bf{Core public authorities}}: & Those that are {\bf{clearly and inherently}} public. \tn 
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 & Likely subject to legal duties in respect of {\bf{all their actions}}. \tn 
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 & A bod whose nature is {\bf{governmental}} in a broad sense. \tn 
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 & E.g. central government, local government, the police, immigration officers, prisons, courts and tribunals. \tn 
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% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Indicators}} of core public authorities:\{\{nl\}\}- possession of {\bf{special powers}}\{\{nl\}\}- democratic {\bf{accountability}}\{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{public funding}} in whole or in part\{\{nl\}\}- obligations to act {\bf{only in the public interest}}\{\{nl\}\}- a {\bf{statutory constitution}} \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 13)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Section 6(1) HRA: Public Authorities (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{Functional/hybrid public authorities}}: & Any person whose functions are of a {\bf{public nature}}. \tn 
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 & Likely subject to legal duties in respect of their {\bf{public functions}} but {\bf{not}} private functions. \tn 
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% Row 9
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 & {\bf{Indicators}} of functional/hybrid authorities:\{\{nl\}\}- the extent to which the body is {\bf{publicly funded}} for the relevant function\{\{nl\}\}- exercising {\bf{statutory power}}\{\{nl\}\}- taking the place of {\bf{central government}} or {\bf{local authorities}}\{\{nl\}\}- providing a {\bf{public service}} \tn 
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 & A {\bf{close relationship}} between the private body and delegating authority suggests a {\bf{functional/hybrid}} nature. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Section 6(1) HRA: Public Authorities (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{Private bodies}}: & Bodies with {\bf{no public functions}} \tn 
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% Row 12
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 & {\bf{No liability}} falls on private bodies. \tn 
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% Row 13
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 & Their conduct may however be {\bf{regulated in a Convention compatible way}} under the indirect horizontal effect of the HRA. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\end{document}