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\author{livjharrison}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (public-law-2-echr-and-poa.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (livjharrison)
  /Subject (Public Law 2 (ECHR \& POA) Cheat Sheet)
}

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\noindent
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Public Law 2 (ECHR \& POA) Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{livjharrison} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/192137/cs/41913/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}livjharrison \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/livjharrison} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 3rd January, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Public Order Act 1986}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}When the {\bf{police}} exercise {\bf{public order powers}} they have to do so in a way that {\bf{complies with their obligations}} as a {\bf{public authority}} under section 6 HRA.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Public power \& obligations:\{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{obligations}}: s 6 HRA\{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{statute}}: POA 1986\{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{common law}}: breach of the peace} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{POA requires {\bf{written notice}} to be given of any proposal to hold a {\bf{public procession}} for any of the following 3 purposes:\{\{nl\}\}1. to demonstrate {\bf{support for}} or {\bf{opposition to}} the views or actions of any person(s);\{\{nl\}\}2. to {\bf{publicise a cause or campaign}}; or\{\{nl\}\}3. to {\bf{mark or commemorate}} an event.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{POA does {\bf{not}} require written notice to be given if it is {\bf{not reasonably practicable}} to give any advance notice of the procession.} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{A {\bf{public procession}} takes place in a {\bf{public}} place.} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}.....................} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}Section 11(1): {\bf{advance notice}}} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}.....................} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Organisers must give a {\bf{minimum of 6 clear days' notice}} of the {\bf{date}}, {\bf{time}} and {\bf{route}} of the procession.} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Failure to give notice amounts to an {\bf{offence under s 11(7)}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Commonly/customarily}} held processions or {\bf{funeral}} processions are {\bf{exempt}} from this requirement.} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Public Order Act 1986 (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}.....................} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}Section 12: {\bf{conditions on processions}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}.....................} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Conditions can be imposed upon a procession if the {\bf{senior}} police officer {\bf{reasonably believes}} that:\{\{nl\}\}(a) {\bf{serious public disorder, damage to property or disruption}} to community life may result;\{\{nl\}\}(b) the {\bf{noise}} from the protest may {\bf{seriously disrupt}} a nearby organisations' activities;\{\{nl\}\}(c) the {\bf{noise}} generated may {\bf{significantly impact}} persons in the vicinity;\{\{nl\}\}(d) the {\bf{purpose}} of the procession is the {\bf{intimidation}} of others.} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 10)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Intimidatory}} behaviour must be such that it {\bf{intends}} to {\bf{compel}} another to act {\bf{against their will}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{The {\bf{senior}} police officer may impose conditions on the {\bf{organisers}} of those {\bf{taking part}} as are (to him) {\bf{necessary}} to prevent disorder, damage, impact or intimidation.} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Where a condition is imposed {\bf{in advance}} of the procession, it must be {\bf{in writing}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{The {\bf{senior}} police officer must provide {\bf{sufficient reasons}} to the organisers for the need to impose conditions.} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{A person is {\bf{guilty}} if they {\bf{organise}} or {\bf{take part}} and {\bf{fail to comply with a condition}} they {\bf{knew or ought to have known}} about.} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Inciting another}} to commit this offence is {\bf{guilty}} of this offence.} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Public Order Act 1986 (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{A person will have a {\bf{defence}} if the failure arose from circumstances {\bf{beyond their control}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{A guilty organiser}} OR {\bf{person inciting another}}= imprisonment for no more than {\bf{51 weeks}} {\emph{and/or}} no more than a {\bf{level 4 fine}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{A guilty participant}} = no more than a {\bf{level 4 fine}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}.....................} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}Section 13: {\bf{power to prohibit}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}.....................} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{The {\bf{chief}} police officer has the power to apply for a {\bf{prohibition order}} from the {\bf{local authority}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{The {\bf{chief}} must {\bf{reasonably believe}} that imposing {\bf{conditions}} will {\bf{not}} be sufficient to prevent {\bf{serious public disorder}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Orders {\bf{cannot}} exceed {\bf{3 months}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{The {\bf{local authority}} must obtain {\bf{consent}} from the {\bf{Home Secretary}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{The {\bf{local authority}} may make an order:\{\{nl\}\}(i) in terms requested by the police; or\{\{nl\}\}(ii) with any modifications approved by Home Secretary.} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{The local authority {\bf{cannot}} itself initiate a prohibition.} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{London is exempt}}: an application to the local authority is {\bf{not}} required.\{\{nl\}\}The {\bf{Commissioner of Police}} can make the order (for the same reasons as the {\bf{chief}} would).} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 4)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Prohibition orders can be {\bf{challenged}} by applying for {\bf{judicial review}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Public Order Act 1986 (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}.....................} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}Section 14: {\bf{conditions on assemblies}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}.....................} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{For the {\bf{same reasons}} as conditions on processions, conditions may be imposed upon {\bf{public assemblies}} where the {\bf{senior}} police officer has {\bf{reasonable belief}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 39
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{A {\bf{public assembly}} is a meeting of {\bf{2 or more}} persons in a {\bf{public}} place that is {\bf{wholly or partly}} open to the air.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 40
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{A {\bf{one-person protest}} may exist largely where an individual causes {\bf{noise disruption}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 41
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Unlike with {\bf{processions}}, the {\bf{purpose}} of the assembly is {\bf{irrelevant}} and there is {\bf{no}} obligation to give {\bf{advance notice}} of a public assembly to the police.} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
% Row 42
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{The {\bf{senior}} police officer may impose {\bf{conditions{\emph{ on those }}organising/attending assemblies{\bf{ if he }}believes it necessary}}* to prevent the risks of disorder, damage, impact or intimidation.} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
% Row 43
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Where a {\bf{condition}} is imposed in advance of the assembly, it must be {\bf{in writing}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 44
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{The police {\bf{cannot}} instigate or make a prohibition order to {\bf{ban assemblies}} as they can with processions.} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
% Row 45
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{The police have the power to prohibit {\bf{trespassory assemblies}}, which are those of {\bf{20+ people}} held {\bf{only}} on land that is {\bf{wholly}} in the open air.\{\{nl\}\}The {\bf{chief}} must apply for an order from {\bf{local authority}} if they {\bf{reasonably believe}} a trespassory assembly is intended to be held which is likely (i) {\bf{without/in excess of the occupier's permission}} and may result in {\bf{serious disruption}} or {\bf{significant damage}} to something of {\bf{historical, architectural, archaeological or scientific}} importance.} \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 11)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Public Order Act 1986 (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 46
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{These powers must be used in a {\bf{proportionate}} manner.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 47
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Again, {\bf{intimidatory behaviour}} must be such to compel another not to do something. It is {\bf{not}} enough to put people in {\bf{fear or discomfort}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 48
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{The {\bf{Chief Constable}} must give {\bf{reasons}} for imposing conditions in advance.\{\{nl\}\}Extensive detail is {\bf{not}} required and the Chief does {\bf{not}} have to prove sufficient information on the reasons.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 49
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}.....................} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 50
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Breach of the Peace}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 51
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}.....................} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 52
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Police have {\bf{common law powers}} to maintain public order by preventing a breach of the peace.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 53
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Breach of the peace = whenever a person {\bf{fears}}, {\bf{actually experiences}} or is {\bf{likely to experience}}harm done to {\bf{themselves or their property}} in their presence.} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
% Row 54
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Breach is {\bf{not}} a criminal offence.} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 55
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Certain police powers for a breach include:\{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{arrest}}\{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{detention}}\{\{nl\}\}- having a person {\bf{bound over}} to maintain good behaviour\{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{entering a meeting}} to prevent anticipated breaches and asking participants to disperse.} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 5)
% Row 56
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Reasonable apprehension}} of a {\bf{sufficiently imminent}} breach is required to {\bf{justify preventative action}}.\{\{nl\}\}E.g. if there is a {\bf{history of violence}}, {\bf{preventative action}} is more likely {\bf{justified}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Public Order Act 1986 (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 57
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Preventative action taken {\bf{must}} be {\bf{proportionate}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 58
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Kettling measures}} may be {\bf{lawful}} when deployed in {\bf{good faith}} and not {\bf{arbitrarily}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{p{1.727 cm} p{1.727 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ECHR Article 2: Right to Life}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\emph{Everyone's right to life shall be protected by law. No one shall be deprived of his life intentionally. Deprivation of life shall not be regarded as inflicted in contravention of this article when it results from the use of force which is no more than absolutely necessary:\{\{nl\}\}(a) in defence of any person from unlawful violence\{\{nl\}\}(b) in order to effect a lawful arrest or to prevent the escape of a person lawfully detained\{\{nl\}\}(c) in action lawfully taken for the purpose of quelling a riot or insurrection}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}.............{\bf{Introduction}}.............} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Contracting states {\bf{cannot}} derogate from article 2.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Article 2's provisions are {\bf{strictly construed}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Article 2 is {\bf{not}} an {\bf{absolute right}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{If the state takes a life, it must show that the {\bf{degree of force}} used against A was {\bf{proportionate}} to achieve the {\bf{legitimate aim}} of protecting B.} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Investigative Duty}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{The state has a duty to {\bf{investigate}} all situations where the state {\bf{directly takes a life}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{There should be some form of {\bf{effective official investigation}}} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{This requirement extends {\bf{extra-territorially}} where the state has {\bf{sufficient control}} over that territory.} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{The state has a duty to {\bf{investigate}} all situations where {\bf{agents of the state}}, e.g. institutions, cause a death.} \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{p{1.727 cm} p{1.727 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ECHR Article 2: Right to Life (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Investigations must be {\bf{public}}, {\bf{independent}} and involve the {\bf{full participation of the family}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Investigations should be {\bf{proactively pushed}} by a public authority and not on request.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Investigations should give {\bf{recommendations}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}..........{\bf{Protect/Preserve Life}}.........} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{There can be a {\bf{positive obligation}} on the state to protect or preserve life.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{This requires states to have {\bf{criminal justice systems}} that punish and deter homicide.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{It can also include an {\bf{operational obligation}} on states to take {\bf{preventative measures}} when a persons life is at risk from others or from suicide.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{State authorities are {\bf{only}} liable if they {\bf{knew or ought to have known}} that there was a {\bf{real and immediate risk}} to life, but failed to take {\bf{reasonable steps}}, especially where there is {\bf{assumed responsibility and control}} over the person.} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.9442 cm} x{9.3258 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ECHR Article 3: Prohibition of Torture}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\emph{No one shall be subject to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment of punishment}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}..........{\bf{Negative Obligation}}.........} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}The {\bf{negative}} obligation that no one be subjected to torture and/or inhuman or degrading treatment is an {\bf{absolute right}}.\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Derogation}} is {\bf{not}} permitted.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Inhuman \& degrading treatment}}: & This standard is set at a {\bf{high level}}. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Only {\bf{serious ill-treatment or neglect}} falls within scope. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The {\bf{nature and context}} of treatment, the {\bf{manner}} of its execution, its {\bf{duration}}, its {\bf{physical and mental effects}} and its {\bf{impact on health}} may be relevant factors. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 9)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & For a {\bf{breach}}, the conduct of the state must be of a {\bf{serious and wholly unacceptable kind}}. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 5)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Torture}}: & Torture is an {\bf{aggravated, deliberate and cruel}} form of \seqsplit{treatment/punishment.} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.9442 cm} x{9.3258 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ECHR Article 3: Prohibition of Torture (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Torture should be regarded as {\bf{qualitatively different}} from inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The standard for torture is {\bf{higher}} than that of inhuman/degrading treatment. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Positive Obligation}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}The positive obligation on authorities to {\bf{take action to prevent}} individuals being subjected to torture and/or inhuman and degrading treatment is {\bf{not an absolute right}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}C can raise an article 3 claim where the authorities {\bf{knew or ought to have known}} of particular circumstances likely to {\bf{expose C}} to the risk of article 3 ill-treatment.} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}Extends to cases where removing an individual from a territory - through {\bf{extradition}} or {\bf{deportation}} - would cause a {\bf{significant deterioration}} in their physical or mental {\bf{health}} due to not having access to the same standards of medication/healthcare in home countries as they do in host state.} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 7)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}UK has obligation {\bf{not to deport}} on medical grounds, if there are {\bf{substantial grounds}} for believing C would face a {\bf{real risk}} of being exposed to a {\bf{serious, rapid and irreversible}} decline in health resulting in {\bf{intense suffering}} or a {\bf{significantly reduced life expectancy}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.9442 cm} x{9.3258 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ECHR Article 3: Prohibition of Torture (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Investigative Duty}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}An operational duty to conduct a {\bf{proper investigation}} may fall upon the police.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}A more {\bf{restrictive}} view is that {\bf{only structural or systematic}} failings by the police should attract liability.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{6.908 cm} x{10.362 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ECHR Article 5:}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Right not to be Arbitrarily Detained}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}Article 5 protects the right to {\bf{liberty and security}} of the person.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}It contains limited rights from which states can seek to {\bf{derogate in emergency situations}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}.....{\bf{5(1): Deprivation of Liberty}}.....} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\emph{no one shall be deprived of his liberty save in the following cases and in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
'Cases' & The cases are circumstances in which the state can {\bf{lawfully}} deprive a person of their liberty. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 5)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The cases cover circumstances including {\bf{criminal and immigration arrest and detention}}. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}Deprivation of liberty must fall into a {\bf{case}} and be {\bf{prescribed by law}}.\{\{nl\}\}i.e. there must be a {\bf{sufficiently clear legal basis}} for the deprivation.} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 4)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Deprivation of liberty}}: & {\bf{Restrictions}} on liberty will not engage article 5. \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The {\bf{concrete situation}} the person is in should be considered. \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The {\bf{type}}, {\bf{duration}}, {\bf{effects}} and {\bf{manner of implementation}} of the measure should be considered. \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{6.908 cm} x{10.362 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ECHR Article 5: (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Detention in {\bf{prison}} and {\bf{strict}} arrest are deprivation of liberty. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Kettling}}: & Placing a cordon around a large crowd for several hours. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Kettling is {\bf{not}} a deprivation of liberty if it is {\bf{proportionate}} and not imposed {\bf{arbitrarily}}. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Kettling is {\bf{not}} a deprivation if it is the {\bf{least intrusive}} and {\bf{most effective}} measure to avoid a {\bf{real risk}} of {\bf{serious injury or damage}} to property. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 7)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Kettling may become a deprivation had it {\bf{not remained necessary}} across the time implemented. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 4)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Control orders}}: & Anti-terrorism measures designed to {\bf{control the movements and activities of certain individuals}} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 5)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Non-derogating control orders can amount to a deprivation. \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{6.908 cm} x{10.362 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ECHR Article 5: (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The {\bf{periods of physical confinement}} should be considered. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Prescribed by law}}: & Interference with the right must have {\bf{some basis in national law}} either in {\bf{legislation}} or {\bf{case law}}. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The {\bf{Sunday Times}} test: The law must be \{\{nl\}\}(i) {\bf{adequately accessible}} (published);\{\{nl\}\}(ii) {\bf{sufficiently precise}} to enable citizens to regulate their conduct; and\{\{nl\}\}(iii) there must be a {\bf{degree of foreseeability}} with regards to the consequences of such a violation. \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 12)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Foreseeability}} will depend on the {\bf{content}} of the legal provision, the {\bf{field}} it is designed to cover and the {\bf{number}} and {\bf{status}} of those to whom it is addressed. \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 8)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The law must indicate with {\bf{sufficient clarity}} the scope of any discretion conferred on the competent authorities and the manner of its exercise. \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{6.908 cm} x{10.362 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ECHR Article 5: (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Article 5(1)(c)}}: & To be lawful, deprivation must be {\bf{justified}} by one of the {\bf{cases}}. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
 & A person may be deprived of liberty when lawfully {\bf{arrested and detained}} on {\bf{reasonable suspicion}} of having committed an offence.\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}Reasonable suspicion requires {\bf{evidence}} of facts or information which would satisfy an {\bf{objective observer}} that the person concerned may have {\bf{committed the offence}}.\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}Previous convictions are {\bf{not}} evidence enough. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 16)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & A person may be deprived of liberty when arrest and detention is {\bf{reasonably considered necessary}} to prevent their {\bf{committing or fleeing}} from an offence.\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}Detention should only be {\bf{proportionate}} and continue for long enough for the person to be {\bf{brought before the court}}. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 13)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{6.908 cm} x{10.362 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ECHR Article 5: (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}.......{\bf{5(2): Reasons}}.......} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Everyone arrested shall be {\bf{informed promptly}}, in a {\bf{language which he understands}}, of the {\bf{reasons}} for his arrest and of {\bf{any charge}} against him.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Simply informing someone that they are being arrested for something is {\bf{not}} enough reason.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{A person need {\bf{only}} be able to {\bf{work out}} the reasons for their arrest within a {\bf{reasonable timeframe}} - {\bf{enough detail}} is needed to this extent.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}.......{\bf{5(3): Length of Detention}}.......} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{A person must be brought {\bf{promptly}} before a judge.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{A detention of {\bf{4 days and 6 hours}} after arrest of terrorism is {\bf{too long}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Shorter periods}} than 4 days can still be {\bf{incompatible}} where no {\bf{special difficulties}} or {\bf{exceptional circumstances}} prevent authorities from bringing the person before a judge sooner.} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Where a person is in {\bf{preventative detention}}, the {\bf{promptness}} should be a matter of {\bf{hours}} rather than days.} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}.......{\bf{5(4): Lawfulness of Ongoing Detention}}.......} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{A person deprived by arrest or detention is entitled to {\bf{take proceedings}} to decide the lawfulness of the detention {\bf{speedily}} by a court.} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{If detention is {\bf{not}} lawful, the persons {\bf{release}} shall be ordered.} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{6.908 cm} x{10.362 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ECHR Article 5: (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{This provides a {\bf{right to review}} any detention's lawfulness.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 39
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Where {\bf{automatic period review}} is required by law, decisions must follow at {\bf{regular intervals}}.\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}Intervals of {\bf{more than 1 year}} are generally {\bf{not reasonable}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 40
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}.......{\bf{5(5): Compensation}}.......} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 41
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{A victim of an {\bf{article 5 breach}} is entitled to claim an {\bf{enforceable right}} to compensation under 5(5).} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 42
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{However, {\bf{section 8 HRA}} provides a {\bf{remedy}} in UK courts.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.5988 cm} x{9.6712 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ECHR Article 6: Right to a Fair Trial}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}The rights and obligations under article 6 do {\bf{not}} always fall under one paragraph.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}........{\bf{6(1): Fair \& Public Hearing}}.......} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Scope}}: & A person has the right to a {\bf{fair and public hearing}} within a {\bf{reasonable time}} by an {\bf{independent and impartial}} tribunal established by law. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Applicable with regards to an applicant's {\bf{civil}} rights or {\bf{criminal}} charges. \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 6(1) only refers to {\bf{hearings}}, not necessarily {\bf{trials}}. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 6(1) is engaged {\bf{at the moment someone is charged}}. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The applicant {\bf{must}} have been {\bf{charged}} with an offence. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 6(1) {\bf{only}} covers everything at the point of {\bf{detention}}. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Access to justice}}: & A person must be able to {\bf{bring proceedings}} and have access to {\bf{professional legal advice and representation}}. \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.5988 cm} x{9.6712 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ECHR Article 6: Right to a Fair Trial (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & There is no {\bf{general right to (free) legal aid}}.\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}Legal aid is one measure, but others might include a {\bf{simplified legal procedure}} to reduce complexity and costs. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The {\bf{severity}} of the penalty at stake and the {\bf{complexity}} of the case is relevant when considering a person's access to justice. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 7)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Impartiality of the courts}}: & The {\bf{manner}} of member appointment, members' {\bf{terms in office}}, the existence of {\bf{guarantees against outside pressure}} and the {\bf{appearance of independence}} is relevant in a tribunal's {\bf{independence}}. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 10)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The tribunal must be {\bf{subjectively free of personal prejudice or bias}}. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.5988 cm} x{9.6712 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ECHR Article 6: Right to a Fair Trial (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The tribunal must be {\bf{objectively impartial}}, offering {\bf{sufficient guarantees}} to exclude any legitimate doubt. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Timely process}}: & {\bf{Delays}} which {\bf{jeopardise the effectiveness and credibility}} of the administration of justice should be avoided. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 6)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & In determining the {\bf{appropriate standard of time}}, 3 areas should be considered:\{\{nl\}\}(1) {\bf{complexity}} of the case\{\{nl\}\}(2) the conduct of D; and\{\{nl\}\}(3) the {\bf{manner}} in which the case has been dealt with by the {\bf{authorities}}. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 11)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
 & A delay of {\bf{20 months}} may {\bf{not}} be excessive if there is a ongoing {\bf{thorough investigation}}. \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 5)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & A delay of {\bf{27 months}} was {\bf{excessive}} considering the young age of D. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.5988 cm} x{9.6712 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ECHR Article 6: Right to a Fair Trial (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}........{\bf{6(1) \& (3): Fair Legal Process}}.......} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{The fairness of an {\bf{eventual trial}} may be affected by the {\bf{whole legal process}} beforehand.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Article 6 may be applicable to the {\bf{preliminary investigations}} where the fairness of the subsequent trial could be {\bf{prejudiced}} by an {\bf{initial failure}} to comply, but ONLY where the suspect is {\bf{eventually charged}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{The {\bf{presence of a police officer}} during {\bf{solicitor consultations}} would inevitably prevent the applicant from speaking frankly and is thus {\bf{unfair}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}........{\bf{6(1) \& (2): Right to Silence}}.......} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{A person has the {\bf{right to remain silent}} and the {\bf{right not to incriminate oneself}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{The courts are permitted to {\bf{draw adverse interferences}} when the accused {\bf{fails to mention}} before or when charged, a {\bf{fact}} or {\bf{material piece of evidence}} which they later {\bf{rely upon in their defence}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 5)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{The right to silence is {\bf{not absolute}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Silence {\bf{can}} be taken into account where there is other {\bf{sufficiently strong evidence}} against them calling for an explanation.} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 3)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{The prosecution must seek to prove their case without resorting to evidence obtained through methods of {\bf{coercion or oppression}} in defiance of the will of the accused.} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.5988 cm} x{9.6712 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ECHR Article 6: Right to a Fair Trial (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}........{\bf{6(1) \& (3): Admissibility of evidence}}.......} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Restrictions on the admissibility of evidence can violate article 6 if they {\bf{undermine the fairness of a trial}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{A person {\bf{criminally}} charged has the right to {\bf{examine/have examined witnesses}} against him and to obtain the {\bf{attendance and examination}} of witnesses on his behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against him.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{A statement {\bf{not made in oral evidence}} in proceedings to be {\bf{admissible}} in certain specific circumstances.} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}........{\bf{6(1): Closed evidence procedures}}.......} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Closed material/evidence procedures {\bf{withdraw}} evidence from suspects where disclosure would {\bf{not be in the public interest}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{The suspects interests are represented by a {\bf{special advocate}} who has been {\bf{security vetted}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{This is mostly the case in {\bf{immigration, national security and anti-terrorism cases}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{The involvement of a {\bf{special advocate}} is deemed to be capable of {\bf{assuaging any disadvantage}} flowing from non-disclosure and so does {\bf{not}} breach article 6.} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 4)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{However, a suspect must be given {\bf{sufficient information}} about the allegations made against them to enable the giving of {\bf{effective instructions}} to satisfy {\bf{procedural fairness}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.5988 cm} x{9.6712 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ECHR Article 6: Right to a Fair Trial (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}........{\bf{Extra-territorial application of article 6}}.......} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 39
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{There is {\bf{no general obligation}} to impose these standards on other states.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 40
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Article 6 may {\bf{prohibit the extradition/deportation}} of a person to another state where that person has suffered or risks suffering a {\bf{flagrant denial of a fair trial/justice}} in that state.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{6.0445 cm} x{11.2255 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ECHR Article 7: No Punishment Without Law}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}This article {\bf{bans the use of arbitrary power}} in the {\bf{criminal law}} context.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}States {\bf{cannot derogate}} from this article.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}..........{\bf{Scope}}.........} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{A person {\bf{cannot{\emph{ be convicted of a criminal offence for an act that was }}not a crime when it was committed}}*.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Authorities {\bf{cannot}} impose a {\bf{more serious punishment}} than was {\bf{available at the time}} that the offence was committed.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Relevant laws must be {\bf{clearly defined}} so people know which acts are criminal.} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{A person {\bf{cannot}} avail themselves of article 7 protection if they have been convicted of an offence which, although {\bf{not an offence}} in the contracting state, was an {\bf{offence by international law at the time}} it was committed.} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 5)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}..........{\bf{Wording}}.........} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Guilty concept}}: & Article 7 only applies where an applicant has been {\bf{held guilty of any criminal offence}}. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 4)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The article is {\bf{not}} engaged where there is an {\bf{ongoing prosecution}}. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The article is {\bf{not}} engaged where the case concerns a decision to {\bf{extradite rather than a criminal}} law decision. \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{6.0445 cm} x{11.2255 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ECHR Article 7: No Punishment Without Law (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & A criminal {\bf{penalty}} {\emph{without}} a formal charge and conviction amounts to a {\bf{guilty finding}}. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Criminal liability does {\bf{not}} need to be determined in a {\bf{criminal court}}. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & There has to be at least a {\bf{formal declaration of criminal liability}} by the contracting state. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Criminal offence}}: & In determining whether a charge is criminal, consideration should be had for:\{\{nl\}\}- the {\bf{classification}} of the offence in {\bf{domestic law}};\{\{nl\}\}- the {\bf{nature}} of the offence;\{\{nl\}\}- the degree of {\bf{severity}} of the proposed {\bf{penalty}}. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 10)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & A {\bf{disciplinary offence}} does {\bf{not}} qualify as criminal. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
 & A {\bf{breach of a military disciplinary measure}} is {\bf{not}} classed as a criminal act. \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 4)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Law}}: & The law recognising the offence at the time it was committed must fulfil {\bf{certain requirements}}. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{6.0445 cm} x{11.2255 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ECHR Article 7: No Punishment Without Law (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The {\bf{Sunday Times Test}} can be applied. \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The law can be in {\bf{legislation}} or {\bf{case law}}. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The law must be {\bf{accessible}}. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The law must be {\bf{foreseeable}}. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & A law may have been foreseeable if it does no more than {\bf{continue a perceptible line of case law development}}. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{International law}}: & A criminal offence imposed in accordance with {\bf{international law}} at the relevant time may {\bf{not}} fall foul of article 7. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 5)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & International law =\{\{nl\}\}- international {\bf{treaties ratified}} by the contracting state;\{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{customary}} international law (e.g. customs of war, crimes against humanity, genocide). \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 8)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Penalty}}: & Is the measure in question {\bf{substantively a penalty}} within the meaning of article 7? \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{6.0445 cm} x{11.2255 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ECHR Article 7: No Punishment Without Law (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The court will {\bf{not}} focus upon the description of the penalty in domestic law. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The ECtHR will consider:\{\{nl\}\}(i) Was the measure imposed following a {\bf{conviction for a criminal offence}}?\{\{nl\}\}- this is {\bf{indicative}} but not necessarily decisive.\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}(ii) The {\bf{nature and aim}} of the measure.\{\{nl\}\}- does it have a {\bf{punitive}} aim?\{\{nl\}\}- how is it {\bf{classified}} under domestic law?\{\{nl\}\}- what are its {\bf{adoption/execution procedures}}?\{\{nl\}\}- how {\bf{severe}} is the measure? \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 16)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Procedural law}}: & In principle, the rule against {\bf{retroactivity}} does {\bf{not}} apply to procedural laws. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{white}
 & It {\bf{only}} applies to the {\bf{offence}} and corresponding {\bf{penalties}}. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Where {\bf{domestic law classified as a procedural provision}} affects the {\bf{severity of the penalty}}, the ECtHR could treat that as {\bf{substantive criminal law}} so that article 7 applies. \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ECHR Article 8: Right to Private \& Family Life}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\emph{The state must respect each person's private and family life, their home and correspondence.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}Article 8 is a {\bf{qualified right}} and so can be {\bf{restricted}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}..........{\bf{Structure of Article 8}}.........} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Article 8(1): Is article 8 engaged?}} & Article 8 will be engaged if the the state has interfered with a person's right to respect for their private life, family life, home, or correspondence. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 8)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Article 8(2): Can the state justify the interference?}} & The interference must be:\{\{nl\}\}- in {\bf{accordance with the law}} (the Sunday Times test);\{\{nl\}\}- in pursuit of a {\bf{legitimate aim}};\{\{nl\}\}- necessary in a democratic society ({\bf{proportionate}}) \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 10)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}..........{\bf{Private Life}}.........} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Private life}}: & Covers a person's {\bf{physical, mental and moral integrity}}. \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Extends to aspects relating to {\bf{personal identity}}. \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ECHR Article 8: Right to Private \& Family Life (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Parliament is {\bf{inherently better qualified}} to assess whether the {\bf{right to die}} encompasses human {\bf{dignity}}. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Sexual orientation and fulfilment}} are {\bf{protected}} in rights to privacy at {\bf{home}} and in the {\bf{workplace}}. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 6)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Policies interfering with the right to private life of {\bf{transgender people}} may be {\bf{incompatible}} unless it is {\bf{proportionate}} if there are {\bf{safeguards}} and {\bf{complexities}}. \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 10)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Stop and search powers}} are {\bf{not}} incompatible if there are {\bf{sufficient legislative safeguards}}. \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 6)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Surveillance}} by the state will {\bf{not}} be incompatible if a {\bf{clear statutory framework}} exists and the surveillance is {\bf{necessary}} and {\bf{proportionate}}. \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ECHR Article 8: Right to Private \& Family Life (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Family life}}: & Family is {\bf{not}} restricted to the {\bf{traditional family}} unit. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Any action by a public authority that might {\bf{disrupt a family unit}} (e.g. \seqsplit{deportation/refusal)} may engage article 8. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 6)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The state is {\bf{not}} obliged to accept {\bf{non-national spouses}} for settlement. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
 & There should be a {\bf{balance}} between competing family interests. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Article 8 may be engage by a state's {\bf{policy on abortion}}. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Home}}: & This does {\bf{not}} give a right to be {\bf{provided with a home}}. \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 4)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Home life should be {\bf{respected}} and {\bf{protected from invasion/intrusion}}. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 4)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Extends to {\bf{maintaining}} the situation to which a person has become {\bf{accustomed}} and the {\bf{permanence}} which gives comfort. \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ECHR Article 8: Right to Private \& Family Life (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Unannounced visits}} by authorities for monitoring purposes are {\bf{acceptable}} if they are {\bf{not overly frequent}} and do not lead to {\bf{disclosure of private information}} about an offender. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Extends to the right to be {\bf{free of interferences/nuisances}} such as {\bf{noise}}, {\bf{smells}}or {\bf{leakages of waste}}. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 6)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Correspondence}}: & Applies to {\bf{letters}}, {\bf{emails}}, {\bf{texts}} \& other modern forms of communication. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 5)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Interceptions of communications}} by the police must be in {\bf{accordance with the law}} and {\bf{necessary}}. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 6)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Monitoring of \seqsplit{emails/calls/internet} usage}} by a {\bf{public employer}} may engage article 8. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ECHR Article 8 (cont.)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}..........{\bf{Accordance with the Law}}.........} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{There must be a {\bf{legal basis}} to justify the interference with the right.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{The {\bf{Sunday Times}} test applies: The law must be {\bf{accessible}} and {\bf{sufficiently precise}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Executive discretion should {\bf{not}} be expressed in terms of {\bf{unfettered power}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}..........{\bf{Legitimate Aims}}.........} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{National security}}: & The ECtHR affords a {\bf{sizeable margin of appreciation}} but an assertion of national security will {\bf{not}} be {\bf{automatically accepted}}. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 7)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Control orders}} have previously engaged article 8. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Public safety/economic well-being}}: & The balance between {\bf{preserving family ties}} and {\bf{economic well-being of a state}} should fall in favour of the former. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 7)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Balancing budgets}} and {\bf{apportioning public resources}} as fairly as possible is in legitimate pursuit of economic well-being. \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ECHR Article 8 (cont.) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Prevention of disorder/crime}}: & {\bf{Retaining DNA}} samples and fingerprints of suspects who had been cleared of criminal charges is {\emph{justified{\bf{ if it is }}effective in preventing crime}}*. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Blanket and indiscriminate}} policies may be {\bf{disproportionate}}.\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}e.g. DNA retention policies may fail to consider the lack of gravity of offences.\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}e.g. The blanket approach to disclosing convictions of paedophilia to organisations affiliated with the paedophile may be disproportionate if they do not work with children. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 18)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Police records}}: & Blanket recording schemes may be {\bf{disproportionate}} if they go {\bf{beyond what is necessary}} for public protection. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ECHR Article 8 (cont.) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Schemes which {\bf{discriminate between the seriousness of offences}} are likely a {\bf{proportionate}} interference. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Systems of {\bf{data retention}} operating may be {\bf{proportionate}} if they seek to fulfil the legitimate aim of {\bf{crime prevention}}. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 7)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Protection of health \& morals}}: & {\bf{Strip and body searches}} for {\bf{visitors}} of inmates are likely {\bf{not proportionate}} in preventing crime and protecting prisoner health if they are {\bf{intimate}} and {\bf{poorly regulated}}. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 10)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Protection of rights and freedom of others}}: & Facilities by {\bf{publicly funded employers}} should not be abused. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 4)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Monitoring of calls, internet usage, emails etc. by public employers {\bf{must}} have a {\bf{basis in domestic law}}. \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ECHR Article 8 (cont.) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & This can also involve the {\bf{media's right to freedom of expression}}. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ECHR Article 10: Freedom of Expression}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}Covers a persons right to {\bf{express views}}, whether in {\bf{public or private}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}Includes the freedom to {\bf{hold opinions}} and to receive and impart information/ideas {\bf{without interference by public authorities}} and regardless of frontiers.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}Article 10 is a {\bf{qualified right}} and can be {\bf{restricted}} in the same way as article 8.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}Expression covers {\bf{words}}, {\bf{pictures}}, {\bf{images}} and {\bf{actions}} intended to express an idea or to present information.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}This article protects:\{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{political opinion}}\{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{journalistic freedom}}\{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{artistic expression}}\{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{commercial information}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}The courts give {\bf{stronger protection}} to {\bf{political and journalistic}} expression.} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}It is appropriate to afford a generous margin of appreciation to the state to decide how the {\bf{integrity of the national democratic system}} should be upheld with respect to {\bf{political advertising}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 5)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}This article does {\bf{not}} create a general right to freedom of information.} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}..........{\bf{Legitimate Aims}}.........} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{National security}}: & {\bf{Injunctions}} to protect national security may be {\bf{necessary}} where {\bf{relevant}}, {\bf{sufficient}} and {\bf{proportionate}} to the aim pursued. \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ECHR Article 10: Freedom of Expression (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & National security measures may not be {\bf{prescribed by law}} if there is a lack of {\bf{adequate safeguards}}. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Even where article 10 rights are engaged, they may not be {\bf{sufficiently significant}} to {\bf{risk}} a {\bf{fragile but imperative}} relationship with another state. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 8)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Prevention of disorder/crime}}: & There must be an {\bf{imminent breach of the peace}} for authorities to take {\bf{preventative action}}. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 5)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Authorities may take {\bf{premature and indiscriminate action}} which is a {\bf{disproportionate restriction}}. \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 6)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Where {\bf{rights to protest}} remain intact in other aspects, like banned only from certain areas, there will {\bf{not}} be a violation of article 10. \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ECHR Article 10: Freedom of Expression (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Protection of health \& morals}}: & The ECtHR has often afforded a {\bf{wide margin of appreciation}}. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
 & There is {\bf{no}} uniform European concept of morality, so {\bf{national authorities}} are in a {\bf{better position}} to assess the necessity of restrictions on expression to {\bf{uphold moral code}}. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 10)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Protecting reputation}}: & A conviction of defamation for a journalist would {\bf{criminalise statements of opinion}} and impose an {\bf{impossible burden}} on them to justify the opinion. \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 8)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Limits of acceptable {\bf{criticism}} are {\bf{wider for politicians}} than for ordinary citizens. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 5)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Politicians must display a {\bf{greater degree of tolerance of criticism}}. \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ECHR Article 10: Freedom of Expression (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Protecting the rights of others}}: & morality; blasphemy/offence on religious grounds; and racist or terrorist rhetoric. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Article 10 can protect not only the {\bf{substance}} of ideas/information expressed, but also the {\bf{tone or manner}} in which they are conveyed. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 8)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Restrictions on {\bf{freedom of political speech}} should be {\bf{examined rigorously}}. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 5)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The ECtHR allows a {\bf{wide margin of appreciation}} in rights concerning {\bf{religion}}, which has not just {\bf{national}} but {\bf{regional}} application within states. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 9)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The ECtHR provides a {\bf{lower degree of protection}} for forms of expression which include {\bf{racist comment}} or can be seen as {\bf{supportive of terrorism}} unless they {\bf{promote or form part of a wider public debate}}. \tn 
% Row Count 38 (+ 11)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ECHR Article 10: Freedom of Expression (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & A person should {\bf{not}} be able to rely on Convention rights which are based on {\bf{democracy and non-discrimination}}, which they are effectively {\bf{seeking to undermine}}. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Journalists}} engaged in {\bf{proper, critical}} journalism of racist/terrorist groups should be allowed to play their role of {\bf{public watchdog}} without {\bf{criminal measures}}. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 9)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Preventing disclosure of information received in confidence}}: & {\bf{Strong protection}} for {\bf{serious journalism}} is important. \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 4)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Where journalists lawfully receive {\bf{confidential information}}, they are {\bf{not}} require to {\bf{disclose their source}}. \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 6)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Where confidential information is supplied to journalists in {\bf{breach of confidence/contract}} by another (especially in a {\bf{hospital}} setting), journalists {\bf{must}} identify their sources, as there is a {\bf{significant risk}} of further selling of confidential information and an {\bf{attack}} on an area of confidentiality which should be {\bf{protected}}. \tn 
% Row Count 46 (+ 18)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ECHR Article 10: Freedom of Expression (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Maintaining the authority \& impartiality of the judiciary}}: & {\emph{Sunday Times v UK}}:\{\{nl\}\}- An article pre-judged the legal issues of a case.\{\{nl\}\}- A preventative injunction restricting publication was imposed: a clear restriction on freedom of expression.\{\{nl\}\}- The court justified it as it fell within the aim of 'maintaining the authority of the judiciary'.\{\{nl\}\}- However, it held that the interference was not necessary in a democratic society.\{\{nl\}\}- UK later amended its law through the Contempt of Court Act. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 23)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}..........{\bf{Restraints}}.........} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Freedom of expression can be {\bf{restrained before it occurs}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{This demands a {\bf{very high level of justification}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Super-injunction}}: & Restrains publication of material. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ECHR Article 10: Freedom of Expression (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Restrains information about the content of the order itself. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Restrains even the fact that an order was made. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Other types of restraint}}: & Confiscation of property \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Copyright laws \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 39
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Decisions to refuse immigration entry \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 40
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Limitations on election expenditure \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 41
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & It is argued that article 8 imposes a {\bf{positive obligation}} on states to enact a legal measure that requires individuals to {\bf{receive notification}} from media outlets {\bf{in advance}} of them {\bf{publishing information that interfered with their private lives}}. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 14)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.061 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{5.9045 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ECHR Article 8 \& 10}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Vertical direction}}: & Protection for {\bf{individuals}} against {\bf{public authorities}} that interfere with convention rights. &  \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Indirect horizontal direction}}: & Influences the {\bf{legal determination}} of claims between {\bf{private individuals and private organisations}} with legal personality. &  \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 10)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Courts are under a duty to act in a way that is {\bf{compatible with Convention rights}}, applying and developing the common law {\bf{in accordance with Convention demands}}. &  \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 12)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.061 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{5.9045 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ECHR Article 8 \& 10 (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Cause of Action}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{If private party A wishes to {\bf{invoke a Convention right in a dispute}} with private party B, there must be a {\bf{pre-existing cause of action}} against B upon which to {\bf{'hang' the Convention right}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Breach of confidence}}: & This provides {\bf{some protection}} for invasions of privacy committed by private individuals. &  \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 7)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{white}
 & It affords a {\bf{remedy}} for the {\bf{unauthorised dissemination}} of personal information. &  \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 7)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & It requires a {\bf{prior relationship of confidence}} between the parties. &  \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 6)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Misuse of Private Information}}: & This is a {\bf{tortious action}}. &  \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & This {\bf{removed the limiting constraint}} that there must be an {\bf{initial confidential relationship}}. &  \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.061 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{5.9045 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ECHR Article 8 \& 10 (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & There are {\bf{2 elements}} necessary to determine whether there has been misuse: &  \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{1. Reasonable expectation of privacy}}: & Must ask whether the information is {\bf{obviously private}}. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & {\bf{Obviously private}} = the person can reasonably expect their {\bf{privacy to be respected}}. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 7)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & {\bf{Not obviously private}} = the courts will then consider whether a {\bf{reasonable person}} of {\bf{ordinary sensibilities}}, if in the {\bf{same situation as the subject}}, would find the disclosure {\bf{offensive}}. \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 15)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.061 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{5.9045 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ECHR Article 8 \& 10 (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & Relevant {\bf{considerations}} = the {\bf{nature}} of the information; the {\bf{form}} in which the information is kept; the {\bf{attributes}} of C; the {\bf{purpose}} of the intrusion; the absence of {\bf{consent}}, the {\bf{effect}} on C; the {\bf{circumstances}} in which the publisher came upon the information. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 21)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & There is {\bf{no}} reasonable expectation of privacy for information that is in the {\bf{public domain}}. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 8)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & Activities of a {\bf{purely private nature}} engage article 8. \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.061 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{5.9045 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ECHR Article 8 \& 10 (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{2. Balancing articles 8 \& 10}}: & When a person seeks to protect privacy under article 8, the media may argue this interfere with their right to publish under article 10. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & When the courts are balancing these competing Convention rights, both parties are required to {\bf{justify the interference they propose to make with the other party's right}}. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 13)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & The {\bf{decisive factor}} is the {\bf{contribution}} that the published \seqsplit{photos/articles} make to a {\bf{debate of general interest}}. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.061 cm} x{5.9045 cm} x{5.9045 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ECHR Article 8 \& 10 (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & Published work that is were {\bf{wholly in the sphere of private life}} and satisfies nothing but the curiosity of the general public will likely {\bf{outweigh article 10}} rights. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 13)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & When balancing the rights, there are {\bf{5 relevant criteria}}:\{\{nl\}\}- debate of general interest\{\{nl\}\}- prior conduct of relevant person\{\{nl\}\}- form and consequences\{\{nl\}\}- circumstances in which photos are taken\{\{nl\}\}- was consent given? \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 17)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}



\end{document}