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\author{livjharrison}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (land-law.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (livjharrison)
  /Subject (Land Law Cheat Sheet)
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Land Law Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{livjharrison} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/192137/cs/41942/}}}
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\noindent
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}livjharrison \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/livjharrison} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 7th January, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.9442 cm} x{9.3258 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mortgages: Introduction}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Mortgagee}}: & The {\bf{lender}} who loans money to fund the property purchase. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Mortgagor}}: & The {\bf{borrower}} who grants rights over the property as a security for the loan. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Mortgage}}: & A proprietary right. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Must be created by **deed. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The {\bf{deed}} must be {\bf{registered at the Land Registry}}. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Equity of redemption}}: & The {\bf{collective rights}} of the borrower and their ability to which it may {\bf{challenge mortgage terms}}. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 5)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & A borrower has an {\bf{equitable right}} to redeem the mortgage (i.e. pay it back). \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Equity will be prepared to declare {\bf{void}} any term which tries to {\bf{postpone/prevent}} redemption of the loan. \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 6)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & A lender may not use its position to impose terms that would be considered {\bf{morally reprehensible}} or {\bf{unconscionable}}. \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.9442 cm} x{9.3258 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mortgages: Introduction (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Undue influence}}: & A borrower has a right to be {\bf{protected from undue influence}}. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
 & A mortgage loan can be {\bf{set aside}} for undue influence. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Priority}}: & A landowner may {\bf{grant more than one mortgage}} over their land. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Issues of priority}} arise where the loan is in {\bf{default}} and there is {\bf{not enough money}} to pay back all the lenders. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 6)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Rights of lender in a default}}: & 1. Right to {\bf{possess}} the property; and \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 2. Power to then {\bf{sell}} it. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & A {\bf{court order}} should be recommended to a lender unless the mortgaged premises are vacant for right (1). \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 6)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
 & If the mortgaged property is {\bf{wholly/partly used as a dwelling}} and the borrower can show they are able to {\bf{repay}} the arrears and continuing payments due, the court is likely to {\bf{postpone the order for possession}}. \tn 
% Row Count 38 (+ 11)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.9442 cm} x{9.3258 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mortgages: Introduction (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Lender's duties}}: & The lender is under duties when exercising its power of sale. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
 & E.g. they must sell the property at {\bf{market value}} and seek {\bf{expert advice}} as to the manner of sale. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Anatomy of a Lease}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Parties, date, definitions, interpretation provisions}}: & {\bf{Date}} of the lease. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Names and addresses}} of landlord and tenant. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & A section giving {\bf{guidelines on interpretation}} and {\bf{definitions}}. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Demise and rents}}: & The landlord {\bf{transfers or grants}} the lease of the premises to the tenant for a {\bf{specified term}} in consideration of the rent paid and the covenants entered into. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 9)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Tenant covenants}}: & {\bf{A tenant may do all things}} that an owner of an estate can do {\bf{unless the lease prohibits}} such actions. \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 6)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The lease sets out what the {\bf{tenant cannot do}} by way of a number of tenant covenants. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Anatomy of a Lease (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & e.g. obligation to pay rent, whether the tenant can make alterations; whether tenant can assign/underlet the premises. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & If there is {\bf{no mention}} of an action in a lease, the {\bf{tenant is free to do it}}. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Landlord covenants}}: & If the lease is a lease of part of a building, the landlord may {\bf{covenant to provide services}}, maintain common areas and to insure the building. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 8)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The most common is the {\bf{covenant for quiet enjoyment}} (covenant not to interfere with tenant's \seqsplit{possession/enjoyment} of property during lease term). \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 8)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Guarantor's covenants}}: & An individual/company guarantor may also be a party to the lease. \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Anatomy of a Lease (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Covenant to {\bf{guarantee payments}} that must be made under the lease and the performance of any other obligations so that if the tenant defaults in payment, the landlord is able to call upon the guarantor. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Provisos, agreements and declarations}}: & {\bf{Miscellaneous section}} dealing with a number of matters. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & e.g. forfeiture clauses, exclusion of security of tenure. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Rights granted}}: & Any {\bf{easements}} over the property or parts of the building. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Rights excepted and reserved}}: & The {\bf{landlord's reserved rights}} to access the premises, or run cables through it or carry out repairs, for example. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 6)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Rent review provisions}} to review rent at regular intervals. \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Anatomy of a Lease (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Service charge}} provisions to cover costs for maintenance and repairs where the property is one part of a whole. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Prescribed lease clauses}}: & Where you are granting a {\bf{registrable lease}}, your lease must include a list of Prescribed Lease Clauses at the front. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 6)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Main areas of focus = {\bf{date}} of lease; landlord's {\bf{title number}}; {\bf{parties}}; {\bf{term}}; {\bf{easements}} granted \& reserved. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Business Leases: Security of Tenure}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Security of tenure}}: & A business may {\bf{request a new tenancy}} at the end of their lease. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The {\bf{landlord's ability to recover}} the premises from the tenant is limited. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Advantages}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
For the {\bf{tenant}}: & Can treat the premises as a {\bf{lon-term}} prospect. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Can invest in {\bf{fitting out the premises}} and making them {\bf{suitable}} for their purposes. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Retail/restaurant business can {\bf{reap the benefits of goodwill}} from their location, i.e. repeat customers. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 6)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Do {\bf{not}} have to worry about {\bf{considerable upheaval}} caused by having to move at the end of contractual term. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 6)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
For the {\bf{landlord}}: & Premises is {\bf{more appealing}} to prospective tenants. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Business Leases: Security of Tenure (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Tenant is encouraged to {\bf{look after the premises}}. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Market {\bf{rent may be higher}} for a lease enjoying security of tenure. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Disadvantages}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
For the {\bf{landlord}}: & Limits to the landlord's freedom. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Complying with requirements}} can be quite complicated. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Application of Security of Tenure}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Any tenancy}}: & {\bf{Fixed term or periodic tenancies}} can benefit from security of tenure. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Licences or tenancies at will cannot benefit from security of tenure. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 4)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Occupied by the tenant}}: & If a tenant leaves the premises {\bf{vacant}}, they do {\bf{not}} have security of tenure. \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 5)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
 & If the tenant {\bf{underlets}} the whole/part of the premises, they {\bf{cannot}} be in occupation and will {\bf{lose security of tenure}} over the whole/part of the premises accordingly. \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Business Leases: Security of Tenure (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{For the purposes of a business}}: & For any {\bf{trade, profession or employment}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
 & E.g. charity shop, members-only tennis club, residential use that furthers the tenant's business \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & A tenant taking a small amount of lodgers without profit is {\bf{not}} for business purposes, nor is a premises offering {\bf{free}} Sunday school sessions. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 8)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Excluded Tenancies}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{S 43 Landlord and Tenant Act 1954}} specifically excludes some types of tenancies from security of tenure: & {\bf{Agricultural tenancies}} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 6)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Mining leases}} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Service tenancies}} (lease granted as part of a tenant's employment) \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 4)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Fixed term tenancies of 6 months or less}} (which can become protected if tenant has been in occupation for 1 year or more whether through successive tenancies or if tenancy is renewable beyond 6 months). \tn 
% Row Count 40 (+ 11)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Business Leases: Security of Tenure (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Contracted Out Tenancies}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{S 38A Landlord and Tenant Act 1954}}: & Parties can agree to {\bf{exclude a fixed term lease}} from security of tenure provisions. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & A {\bf{periodic tenancy}} that qualifies for security of tenure {\bf{cannot}} be contracted out. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Short term leases}} (5 years or less) and {\bf{underleases}} are commonly contracted out. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 5)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Procedure for Contracting Out}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}The {\bf{two-stage procedure}} must be {\bf{strictly observed}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Stage 1}}: & The landlord must {\bf{serve a warning notice}} on the tenant in a prescribed form. \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 4)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{white}
 & This should detail the {\bf{consequences}} of contracting out. \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & It must be served {\bf{before}} the parties {\bf{complete the lease}}. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Business Leases: Security of Tenure (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Stage 2}}: & The tenant must {\bf{provide a declaration}} in prescribed form to the landlord. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{white}
 & It must be provided {\bf{before}} the parties {\bf{complete the lease}}. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & If {\bf{lease completion}} is {\bf{14+ days}} from the {\bf{date of warning notice}}, this can be a {\bf{simple signed declaration}}. \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 7)
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{white}
 & If lease completion is {\bf{\textgreater{}14 days}}, the tenant must provide a {\bf{statutory declaration}} (declared before an independent solicitor). \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 7)
% Row 39
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}The resulting lease {\bf{must}} contain reference to both the notice and declaration of contracting out.} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.6991 cm} x{11.5709 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Leases: Types of Covenant}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Absolute}}: & {\emph{'The Tenant shall not do {[} {]}'}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The tenant is {\bf{completely prohibited}} from doing something. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Qualified}}: & {\emph{'The Tenant shall not do {[} {]} without the Landlord's consent'}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The tenant can go and {\bf{ask the landlord for its consent}} although the {\bf{landlord does not have to give it}}. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Fully qualified}}: & {\emph{'The Tenant shall not do {[} {]} without the Landlord's consent such consent not to be unreasonably withheld or delayed'}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The landlord has to be {\bf{reasonable}} if it is going to {\bf{withhold its consent}}. \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Landlord is {\bf{not}} entitled to {\bf{refuse its consent}} on grounds which have {\bf{nothing to do with the landlord and tenant relationship}}. \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 6)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Must be something to do with, for example, the proposed assignee's {\bf{ability to pay the rent}} or {\bf{bad references}}. \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.6991 cm} x{11.5709 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Leases: Types of Covenant (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Note}}: Statutes relating to {\bf{user, alterations and alienation}} covenants intervene with regards to qualified covenants.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Leases: Repair Covenants}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{The tenant must keep the premises in the condition in which they would be kept by a {\bf{reasonably minded owner}}, having regard to:} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- the {\bf{character \& type}} of premises at the beginning of the lease.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- the {\bf{age}} of the premises.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- the {\bf{express words}} of the covenant.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\seqsplit{..............................................................................}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{The tenant {\bf{must put the premises in repair first}}, if at the time of the letting they were out of repair.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- this can be very {\bf{onerous}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{A repair obligation can be {\bf{limited by a schedule of condition}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\seqsplit{..............................................................................}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{if the works constitute {\bf{'renewal' rather than 'repair'}}, they will {\bf{not}} fall within the tenant's repair obligation.} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Repair}} = {\bf{restoration}} by renewal or replacement of {\bf{subsidiary parts}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Renewal}} = {\bf{reconstruction}} of the {\bf{entirety}} of the premises.} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{If the {\bf{cost}} of undertaking works is only {\bf{slightly less}} than the {\bf{value of the premises}}, it will {\bf{not}} fall within a repair covenant.} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Leases: Alteration Covenants}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{The tenant is {\bf{free to carry out any alterations}} to the premises unless the lease stipulates otherwise.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{This is subject to the {\bf{legal doctrine of waste}} which prevents alterations which would {\bf{devalue}} the premises.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............................................................................} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{If there is a {\bf{qualified covenant}} against alteration that {\bf{improve}} the premises, S 19(2) LTA implies a proviso that the {\bf{landlord's consent is not to be unreasonably withheld}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{S 19(2) converts a {\bf{qualified covenant}} against {\bf{improvement}} alterations into a {\bf{fully qualified}} one.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Improvements}} = works that {\bf{improve the premises}} from the {\bf{tenant's perspective}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............................................................................} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{As a condition for giving consent, the landlord can ask for:} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- {\bf{payment of compensation}} for loss in value caused by the alterations;} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- {\bf{reinstatement}} of the premises at the end of the lease if reasonable;} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- {\bf{payment of the landlord's expenses}} in giving consent.} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Leases: User Covenants}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{A landlord will want {\bf{control over the tenant's use}} of the premises.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{A tenant may be able to {\bf{change the use}} of the premises depending upon the type of covenant.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............................................................................} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{S 19(3) LTA prevents a landlord {\bf{demanding payment}} for granting its consent to {\bf{qualified user covenants}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{The landlord {\bf{can}} demand payment if the {\bf{change of use}} involves a {\bf{change to the structure}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{If the change involves {\bf{structure}}, the landlord can {\bf{increase the rent}} or {\bf{charge the tenant a lump sum}} in return for consent.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{The landlord's consent for {\bf{qualified user covenants}} need {\bf{not}} be reasonable.} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{The landlord {\bf{can}} recover its {\bf{costs and expenses}} in the application for consent.} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.4261 cm} x{9.8439 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Leases: Alienation Covenants}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Assigning a Lease}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}If the lease is {\bf{silent}} as to assignment, then the benefit of a lease is {\bf{freely assignable}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}Most leases contain {\bf{restrictions on assignment}} so that the {\bf{landlord has to consent}} and has {\bf{control}} over who ends up being the tenant.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}A {\bf{covenant against assignment}} does {\bf{not}} prohibit {\bf{subletting of the whole or part}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}A {\bf{covenant against sub-letting the whole}} does {\bf{not}} prohibit a {\bf{subletting of part}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Formalities to Transfer the Lease:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Deed}}: & {\bf{S 52 LPA 1925}} requires a deed. \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Applies even if the lease has been created {\bf{with no formalities}}. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{No short lease exception}}: the assignment still {\bf{must}} be by deed. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 4)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Land Registry form {\bf{TR1/TR01}} is often used. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Registration}}: & If the {\bf{lease is registered}} at the Land Registry, the {\bf{deed of assignment must also be registered}} to update the registered proprietor of the lease as the assignee. \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.4261 cm} x{9.8439 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Leases: Alienation Covenants (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Licence to Assign}}: & A {\bf{deed}} which {\bf{formally records}} the landlord's consent. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The landlord, tenant \& assignee are all party to it. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Subletting a Lease}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\seqsplit{Subletting/subleasing/underletting} involves a tenant {\bf{granting a lease out of its own lease}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{The {\bf{tenant would always be responsible}} for performing the covenants in the lease and still be in the picture until the end of the lease term.} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Formalities to Underlet the Lease:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Deed}}: & The general rule is that the lease must be granted by deed. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Registration}}. & The deed must be registered if the {\bf{term is for over 7 years}}. \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Licence to Underlet}}: & A {\bf{deed}} which {\bf{formally records}} the landlord's consent to the underletting. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The landlord, tenant \& undertenant are all party to it. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Statutory Interventions}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Absolute covenants}}: & Where a property is {\bf{not capable of being sub-divided}}, leases will contain an {\bf{absolute prohibition of underletting}} of part of the property. \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.4261 cm} x{9.8439 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Leases: Alienation Covenants (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The landlord may as a 'one-off' {\bf{waive the prohibition against alienation}}, but it is under no obligation to do so. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Qualified covenants}}: & S 19(1)(a) {\bf{converts a qualified covenant into a fully qualified covenant}}. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Fully qualified covenants}}: & Consent shall not be {\bf{unreasonably held}}. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Not necessary for the landlord to justify conclusions}} for refusing consent, if those conclusions might have been reached by a {\bf{reasonable person in the circumstances}}. \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 8)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & May be {\bf{reasonable}} for the landlord to refuse its consent to an assignment due to the {\bf{purpose}} for which the proposed assignee intends to use the premises - even if that purpose is {\bf{not forbidden by the lease}}. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.4261 cm} x{9.8439 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Leases: Alienation Covenants (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Where a tenant applies to the landlord {\bf{in writing}} for consent (s 1 LTA):\{\{nl\}\}- the landlord must give {\bf{written consent}} within a {\bf{reasonable time}} (\textasciitilde{}28 days from receipt);\{\{nl\}\}- the {\bf{burden}} is on the {\bf{landlord}} to provide reasonable refusal; and\{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{written reasons}} must be provided. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 14)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The landlord is entitled to be given {\bf{sufficient information}} to enable it to make a decision (a reasonable time will {\bf{not expire}} before L has this but L must ask for it). \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 8)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & If the {\bf{landlord}} does not comply with requirements, it may be liable for {\bf{tortious damages}} for {\bf{breach of statutory duty}}. \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 6)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Refusal of consent}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.4261 cm} x{9.8439 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Leases: Alienation Covenants (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Reasonable}}: & Unsatisfactory {\bf{tenant's reference}}. \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Proposed assignee's use of the property would {\bf{damage the landlord's own commercial interests}} (if they run a rival business). \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 6)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The {\bf{existing tenant}} is already in {\bf{breach of covenant}}. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Unreasonable}}: & The landlord's intention was to bring the tenancy to an end so would {\bf{not consent to any assignee}}. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 5)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Proposed assignee was {\bf{already a tenant of the landlord}} in another property which is difficult to re-let. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 5)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Pre-Conditions for Alienation}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{S 19(1) LTA 1927}}: & Applies to any lease granted {\bf{on/after 1 Jan 1996}} - {\bf{new leases}}. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 4)
% Row 39
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{New leases}}: & L \& T can {\bf{agree circumstances}} in which L may withhold consent to an {\bf{assignment}}. \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.4261 cm} x{9.8439 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Leases: Alienation Covenants (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 40
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & L \& T can {\emph{agree conditions}}* subject to which consent may be granted. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 41
\SetRowColor{white}
 & These {\bf{circumstances/conditions}} will be {\bf{automatically reasonable}} if imposed by L when giving {\bf{consent to assign}}. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 6)
% Row 42
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{AGA}}: & Authorised Guarantee Agreement \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 43
\SetRowColor{white}
 & A {\bf{common condition}} attached to L's consent. \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 44
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Outgoing T{\emph{ promises to perform }}incoming assignee's obligations{\bf{ under lease if it }}defaults}}*. \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 5)
% Row 45
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Any future {\bf{assignment by the assignee}} requires a {\bf{further AGA}}. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
% Row 46
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & L will only ever have the {\bf{current T}} and {\bf{T immediately prior}} to current T on the hook. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{6.5626 cm} x{10.7074 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Leases: Covenant Enforceability}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Original Parties}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Privity of contract}}: & All terms of a lease can be enforced by the {\bf{original L}} against the {\bf{original T}} and vice versa. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Privity of estate}}: & Exists between any {\bf{current L}} and {\bf{current T}} of the property. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & It lasts {\bf{only for a period}} while the lease is {\bf{vested in T}}. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}Upon {\bf{assignment}} of the lease of reversionary interest:} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- {\bf{Privity of contract}} remains between {\bf{original L}} and {\bf{original T}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- There will be {\bf{no privity of estate}} between {\bf{original L \& original T}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- {\bf{Privity of estate}} exists between the {\bf{current L}} and {\bf{current T}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{T assigns its interest}} to a successor in title:} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- {\bf{No contractual relationship}} between {\bf{L}} and {\bf{new T}} (assignee): privity of estate but no privity of contract.} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{L sells}} its reversionary interest:} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- {\bf{No contractual relationship}} between the {\bf{buyer}} and {\bf{current T}}: privity of estate but no privity of contract.} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Rules for Leasehold Covenant Enforceability}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{6.5626 cm} x{10.7074 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Leases: Covenant Enforceability (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Old leases}}:} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Created {\bf{before 1 Jan 1996}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Liability of {\bf{original L \& T}} continues for {\bf{full duration}} of the lease term, regardless of assignment/reversion.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Privity of contract means {\bf{original L \& T}} remain liable for {\bf{breaches of covenants}} by their {\bf{successors}} for entire lease duration.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Privity of estate allows {\bf{T's covenants}} that {\bf{touch \& concern}} the land to be {\bf{enforceable by/against successor L's \& T's}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{New leases}}:} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Created {\bf{on/after 1 Jan 1996}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Abolishes privity of contract}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Original L \& T}} are {\bf{no longer liable for covenants}} for full duration of the lease term.} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Tenants}}: & A {\bf{T with a new lease}} will obtain an {\bf{automatic release}} from the {\bf{T's covenants}} upon {\bf{assignment}} (s 5 LCTA). \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 5)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & There is {\bf{no automatic relief}} if the assignment is in {\bf{breach of the alienation covenant}}. \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 4)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
 & T remains liable for breaches of covenant occurring {\bf{during their period of occupation}}. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 4)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & When {\bf{T assigns a lease}}, the {\bf{assignee}} acquires the {\bf{benefit and burden}} of {\bf{all covenants}} in the lease. \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{6.5626 cm} x{10.7074 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Leases: Covenant Enforceability (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Landlords}}: & There is {\bf{no automatic release}} of the L upon assignment of the reversion of a new lease. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{white}
 & L must {\bf{apply for such a release}} from T. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & If {\bf{T refuses}} to release the outgoing L, L can {\bf{apply to the court}}. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{white}
 & L remains liable for breaches of covenant occurring {\bf{during their period of occupation}}. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & When {\bf{L assigns the reversionary interest}}, the {\bf{incoming L}} acquires the {\bf{benefit and burden}} of the covenants. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 5)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}The benefit and burden of covenants which are {\bf{personal}} (i.e. express between 2 named parties in the lease) will {\bf{not}} pass to a third party.} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 4)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Suing a Former Tenant}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{An {\bf{assignee}} of the lease becomes {\bf{liable for all covenants}} in the lease from the {\bf{date of assignment}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Should the {\emph{assignee{\bf{ be unwilling/unable to comply, L may look to }}other parties{\bf{ for compensation for }}breaches of covenant{\bf{ committed by a }}subsequent assignee}}*.} \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{6.5626 cm} x{10.7074 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Leases: Covenant Enforceability (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{If the {\bf{outgoing T}} has been {\bf{automatically released}} under the lease on assignment (s 5), T will {\bf{not}} be liable.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{If the {\bf{outgoing T}} has provided an {\bf{AGA}} on assignment, L could sue the {\bf{former T}} who is guaranteeing obligations of their {\bf{immediate successor}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Presence of an AGA}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{The presence of an AGA provides L with a choice:} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 39
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- L could sue the {\bf{current T}} and may be able to obtain an {\bf{equitable remedy}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 40
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- If {\bf{current T is not worth suing}}, L can sue the {\bf{outgoing T}} acting as a guarantor for {\bf{current T}} through AGA. The potential {\bf{remedy}} is limited to {\bf{damages}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
% Row 41
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- The {\bf{former T}} may {\bf{recoup damages}} paid on behalf of {\bf{current defaulting T}} using an {\bf{indemnity}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 42
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Indemnities for Assignments}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 43
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{An {\bf{outgoing T}} should ensure their {\bf{assignee}} enters into an {\bf{express indemnity covenant}} on assignment.} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
% Row 44
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{The {\bf{assignee}} agrees with the {\bf{outgoing T}} to pay the rent \& perform all covenants for the remainder of the lease.} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 45
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{The {\bf{former T}} may then sue the {\bf{assignee}} for {\bf{breach of indemnity covenant}} and recoup damages paid to L.} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{6.5626 cm} x{10.7074 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Leases: Covenant Enforceability (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 46
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Where there is {\bf{no express indemnity covenant}}, the {\bf{former T}} could claim {\bf{indemnity at common law}} under {\bf{{\emph{Moule v Garrett}}}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 47
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Moule v Garrett}}}} can only be used for actions against {\bf{assignees}} and {\bf{not}} sub-tenants.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 48
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Indemnity is of {\bf{little value}} - if the {\bf{assignee}} was worth suing, L would have done so initially.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 49
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Subleases}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 50
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{S 3(5) LTCA allows {\bf{restrictive covenants}} in new leases to be enforced against any {\bf{owner/occupier}} of the premises.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 51
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{L's will {\bf{not}} be able to directly enforce any {\bf{positive covenants}} against a {\bf{subtenant}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.1169 cm} x{9.1531 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{LTCA 1995}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}Some sections of LTCA apply to {\bf{old \& new leases}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{S 17 - Tenant default notice}}: & Where {\bf{L}} wishes to pursue a {\bf{former T}} who remains liable for a {\bf{fixed charge}}, L must {\bf{serve notice}} of the claim on T within {\bf{6 months}} of the charge becoming due. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 9)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Fixed charge = {\bf{arrears of rent, service charge or insurance premiums}}. \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & If L does {\bf{not}} notify the {\bf{former T}} of the claim {\bf{and}} amount due, L {\bf{cannot}} make a claim. \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{S 18 - Liability for variations}}: & {\bf{Former tenants and guarantors}} are {\bf{not}} liable to pay any {\bf{additional amounts}} owing in respect of {\bf{unanticipated variations}} made to the lease {\bf{after the assignment}}. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 9)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{S 18 - Overriding leases}}: & If a {\bf{former T}} is called upon by {\bf{L}} to pay {\bf{fixed charges}} due from an {\bf{assignee}}, the {\bf{former T}} is entitled to request an {\bf{overriding lease}} from L. \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.1169 cm} x{9.1531 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{LTCA 1995 (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The {\bf{former T}} would then become the {\bf{immediate L}} of the defaulting party. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The overriding lease is granted for a {\bf{term equal to the remaining term of the lease + 3 days}}. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The lease contains the {\bf{same covenants}} (except for personal ones). \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & If the {\bf{former T}} requests an overriding lease, L is {\bf{obliged to grant it}} within a {\bf{reasonable time}}. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Factors that Defeat a Lease}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}For a lease to exist, rather than a licence, there needs to be: {\bf{certain term}}, {\bf{exclusive posession}}, {\bf{correct formalities}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}Even where these requirements {\emph{are}} present, the agreement may still {\bf{not}} be a lease.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}...............................} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{The main situations where something which would otherwise be a lease is merely a licence are where there is}}:} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{1. No intention to create legal relations}}: & Where there is a {\bf{family arrangement}}, an {\bf{act of friendship}} or {\bf{generosity}}, it can be presumed that there is a {\bf{lack of such intention}}, though this does {\bf{not}} automatically follow. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 10)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & If there is a {\bf{degree of formality}} to the agreement and/or a {\bf{rent is paid}} then this would evidence an {\bf{intention to create legal relations}}. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 8)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{2. A service occupancy}}: & This arises where there is an {\bf{employer/employee relationship}} between the landowner and the occupier \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Factors that Defeat a Lease (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Where the occupier is {\bf{required to live in the premises}} for the {\bf{better performance}} of his duties as an employee, there is {\bf{no tenancy}}, even though a rent may be paid. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
 & A {\bf{perk}} of the job does {\bf{not}} enable a better performance of duties. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & E.g. {\bf{caretaker's flat}}, {\bf{gamekeeper's cottage}}, {\bf{domestic staff accommodation}}. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Legal Mortgages}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{A mortgage is capable of being a {\bf{legal interest in land}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{To be {\bf{recognised as a legal interest}}, the mortgage must be created in compliance with the {\bf{formalities}} for a legal interest over {\bf{registered}} land.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{If the mortgage is being granted over a {\bf{legal estate}} by the {\bf{legal owner}}, the mortgage is capable of being a {\bf{legal interest}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{If the mortgage is granted by {\bf{deed}} and is properly {\bf{registered}}, it is a valid legal mortgage.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Formalities}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Deed + Registration} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Deed}}:} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- Must be clear on the face of the document that it is {\bf{intended to be a deed}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- Must be {\bf{validly executed}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- Must be {\bf{delivered}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Registration}}:} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- Must be registered at the {\bf{Land Registry}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- If {\bf{not registered}},  the mortgage will {\bf{not}} take affect as a legal mortgage but could still be an {\bf{equitable interest}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- The {\bf{grant of a legal charge}} is required to be completed by {\bf{registration}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.2896 cm} x{8.9804 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Equitable Mortgages}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Mortgages of equitable interests}}: & Where the borrower holds an {\bf{equitable interest}} in the land (e.g. beneficiary), any mortgage of that interest will be equitable in nature. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Such a mortgage can be created very {\bf{informally}}. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & It need only be {\bf{in writing}} and {\bf{signed by the grantor}} in order to be validly created. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Defective legal mortgages}}: & A mortgage over {\bf{registered land}} which is {\bf{not}} granted by a {\bf{valid deed}} or that is {\bf{not}} completed by {\bf{registration}} will {\bf{not}} take effect as a legal mortgage. \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 9)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & It may be regarded as an equitable mortgage - a {\bf{contract to grant a legal mortgage}} - if it is {\bf{in writing}}, contains {\bf{all agreed terms}} and is {\bf{signed by mortgagor \& mortgagee}}. \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 10)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Discharge of Mortgages}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Once a mortgage has been {\bf{repaid in full}}, the {\bf{mortgage entries}} at the Land Registry must be {\bf{cancelled}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{A mortgage is only {\bf{fully discharged}} when all reference to it has been {\bf{removed from the Charges Register}} at the Land Registry.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{A {\bf{DS1 form}} is used to {\bf{discharge a mortgage}} over the {\bf{whole}} of the land in a title.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{A {\bf{DS3 form}} is  used to {\bf{discharge a mortgage}} over {\bf{part}} of the land in title (e.g. if only part of the land is being sold).} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mortgages: Equity of Redemption}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Equitable of redemption}} rules =} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{1. The equitable right to redeem supplements the legal right to redeem.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- A mortgage may include an {\bf{option for the lender to purchase}} the mortgaged property.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- Such terms {\bf{may be declared void}} as preventing the exercise of the equitable right to redeem.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- If the {\bf{lender has the opportunity to buy}} the property, the {\bf{borrower inevitably loses the right}} to take the property back free of the loan, which is fundamental to the nature of a mortgage as security.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- Whether the right to redeem is rendered {\bf{valueless}} is a question of {\bf{fact and degree}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- If an option is independent of the mortgage, it may be upheld.} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{2. No postponement/prevention of redemption.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- Courts look at clauses which postpone the legal date for redemption very closely and will {\bf{not allow a clause which prevents redemption}} altogether.} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 4)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- Courts {\bf{may allow a lender to postpone}} the date, but will consider the equitable rule that there must be {\bf{no clog or fetter}} on the equity of redemption.} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 4)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- This is a {\bf{clog on the equity of redemption}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{3. No collateral advantages}}} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- Lenders are entitled only to the repayment of {\bf{capital advanced plus interest}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mortgages: Equity of Redemption (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- If a lender {\bf{tries to extract additional value}} from the borrower, the offending term in the mortgage deed {\bf{may be struck out}} as being contrary to the equity of redemption.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{4. No unconscionable terms}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- Courts have a well-established inherent equitable jurisdiction to {\bf{strike out oppressive and unconscionable}} terms.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- The term must be {\bf{more than simply 'unfair' or 'unreasonable'}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- {\bf{High-interest rates}} attract the most attention.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- The imposition of a {\bf{premium}} is {\bf{unconscionable}} if it {\bf{wipes out any chance of surplus sale proceeds}} for the borrower.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- The lender may be {\bf{justified in charging a higher rate}} if the borrowers have a {\bf{poor credit history}} and are a {\bf{credit risk}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- Has the term been imposed in a {\bf{morally reprehensible}} manner?} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mortgages: Undue Influence}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}....How does the {\bf{bank}} ensure there is {\bf{no undue influence}} when granting a mortgage?....} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- Lender must {\bf{write}} to the party who is granting the mortgage {\bf{not for their benefit}} (Party B).} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- Lender must {\bf{explain}} to Party B that the Bank needs {\bf{confirmation from an independent solicitor}} that that solicitor has explained the transaction to them.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- Bank will ask Party B to {\bf{nominate an independent solicitor}} and provide {\bf{all information}} to that solicitor .} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- Bank must {\bf{not}} proceed to lend until {\bf{confirmation is received}} from the solicitor that the transaction has been fully explained to Party B.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}....What role does the {\bf{independent solicitor}} play?....} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- Must {\bf{meet the party}} who is entering into the mortgage not for their own benefit (Party B) {\bf{face to face}} and {\bf{on their own}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- Must {\bf{explain why}} they are meeting.} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- Must {\bf{explain documents and transaction}} in a {\bf{meaningful}} way using {\bf{non-technical language}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- Must {\bf{point out the risks}}, emphasise that Party B has a {\bf{choice}}, keep a {\bf{detailed attendance note}} and confirm everything {\bf{in writing}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- The solicitor will then {\bf{send a certificate to the Bank}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}.......................................................................} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mortgages: Undue Influence (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{If this is done, the {\bf{Bank's interest in the land under the mortgage}}, including the right to possess and sell, has {\bf{priority}} over the private individuals' freehold interests.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{These steps should be taken in {\bf{every non-commercial case}} where a {\bf{private individual}} offers {\bf{their property as security for another person's debts}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{E.g. parent/child; brother/sister; employer/employee; friends.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mortgages: Priority over Registered Land}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{............Legal Mortgages...........}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- Priority between {\bf{registered charges}} depends on the {\bf{order they are entered on the register}} - S 48 LRA 2002.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- Mortgages over registered land which are {\bf{not}} completed by {\bf{substantive register}} will {\bf{not}} take effect as a legal mortgage - S 27(1) LRA.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{............Equitable Mortgages...........}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- Priority between {\bf{equitable mortgages}} depends on the {\bf{order of creation}} - S 28 LRA 2002.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- If the equitable mortgage is {\bf{protected by entry of a notice}}, it will take {\bf{priority over later legal mortgages}} - protection will {\bf{NOT}} affect priority over {\bf{equitable mortgages}} which is always by {\bf{creation date}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 5)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- An equitable mortgage {\bf{not protected}} by notice does {\bf{not}} take priority over a later {\bf{registered estate}} (transfer of legal estate for value) or {\bf{registered charge}} (grant of legal mortgage).} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mortgages: Lender's Rights / Remedies}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Debt action}}:} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- This is used {\bf{in addition to}} one of the other remedies.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- A {\bf{personal action}} against the borrower.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- {\bf{Negative equity}} = when the {\bf{value}} of the mortgaged property is {\bf{less}} than the {\bf{outstanding mortgage debt}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- If the lender {\bf{sells}} in {\bf{negative equity}}, they will wish to pursue a {\bf{debt action}} against the borrower for the {\bf{shortfall}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- Under a mortgage created by {\bf{deed{\emph{, the period for }}recovery of the debt{\bf{ stated in the deed (the capital) is }}12 years}}*.} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- The {\bf{limitation period}} for {\bf{recovery of interest}} is {\bf{6 years}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Possession}}:} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- This is a {\bf{last resort}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- A prudent lender will {\bf{make an application to the court}} for an order for possession, even though this may not be strictly necessary.} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- Lenders should try to {\bf{discuss the debt}} with the borrower and {\bf{accept reasonable requests}} for a new payment plan.} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- Where the property is {\bf{wholly/partly residential}} S 36 AJA 1970 applies: {\bf{power to postpone}} the date for delivery of possession as the court thinks {\bf{reasonable}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 4)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Sale}}:} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- Most mortgage docs contain an {\bf{express power of sale}} setting out how/when the power will be exercised.} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mortgages: Lender's Rights / Remedies (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- Right to sell can be {\bf{implied under s 101(1)(i) LPA}} and arises {\bf{when the mortgage money has become due}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- S 101(1)(i) can be exercised where at least 1 of the below apply:} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{1. {\bf{Notice}} requiring payment of the whole loan {\bf{served by lender}} \& {\bf{borrower defaulted}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{2. {\bf{Interest is unpaid}} with {\bf{2 months' arrears of that interest}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{3. Borrower has {\bf{breached another mortgage provision}} which could affect value of security (i.e. the property).} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- Lenders are under a duty to take {\bf{expert advice}} as to the method of sale, marketing strategy \& reserve price.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- Lender must take {\bf{reasonable care}} to obtain {\bf{true market value}} for property but is {\bf{not expected}} to delay to improve property or wait for upturn in market.} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Receiver}}:} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- A receiver acts as a {\bf{manager of the mortgaged property}} if the lender does not repossess/sell.} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- Power arises under s 101(1)(iii) LPA 1925.} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- The receiver's function is to {\bf{get income}} from the land.} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- The receiver is the {\bf{borrower's agent}} so a {\bf{safer option for the lender}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Foreclosure}}:} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 1)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- Rarely used nowadays - {\bf{draconian remedy}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 1)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- Lender takes {\bf{freehold}} of the property.} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 1)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mortgages: Lender's Rights / Remedies (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- This is a {\bf{lengthy and complex}} procedure for the lender.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- The court may order a {\bf{sale in lieu of foreclosure}}, especially if the property is worth {\bf{more}} than the debt.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- Even after declaring foreclosure, the borrower can {\bf{re-open the case}} if they can show they have the {\bf{means to pay}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Is a Right an Easement?}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{4 requirements to be an easement:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{1.}} To be a legal easement, the right must fall within definition in s 1(2)(a) LPA 1925: {\bf{granted/reserved for equivalent of freehold/leasehold estate}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{2.}} Right must be {\bf{capable}} of being an easement - {\emph{re Ellenborough Park}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{3.}} Right must {\bf{not}} be prevented from being an easement by a {\bf{disqualifying factor}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{4.}} Right must have been {\bf{acquired as an easement}}: expressly, impliedly or prescription.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Easements: Requirements 1 \& 4.}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Legal Easements}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- An easement granted/reserved for the equivalent of a term of years absolute is capable of being a legal interest in the land.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- e.g. a right of way granted when part of freehold land is sold will be granted forever.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- e.g. a right of drainage granted in a 5-year lease will be granted for the term of that lease.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Equitable Easements}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- An easement not granted/reserved for the equivalent of a freehold/leasehold.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- e.g. a right to park granted until 'the alternative parking facility is complete'.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Positive Easements}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- Allow the holder to use the servient land of another in a particular way.} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- e.g. a right of drainage allows the holder to use pipes under that land.} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Negative Easements}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- Prevent the servient land owner from doing something on their land by giving the dominant owner the right to receive something.} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- Enjoyed from the dominant owner's land and does not involve entering/using the servient land at all.} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- e.g. a right to air; a right to light (only in relation to a define aperture); a right to support.} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Easements: Requirements 1 \& 4. (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Grants}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- A type of easement.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- A landowner sells/leases part of their land to another and gives them an easement over the land which they have retained.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Reservations}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- A type of easement.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- A landowner sells/leases part of their land to another and retains a right over the land they have sold/leased.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Express creation}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- Most easements commonly arise when land is sold/leased.} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- Set out in writing in the {\bf{transfer deed or lease}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Implied creation}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- Easement may be deemed to have been created impliedly so it is {\emph{effectively}} "written" into the document from which it was omitted.} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Implied creation}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- Easements may arise by long use.} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- Legal easements created out of easements exercised over land for {\bf{at least 20 years}} with no express grant/reservation.} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- Easement should have been exercised over this time {\bf{without force, secrecy or express permission}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- Generally can only be claimed by a {\bf{freeholder}}. Tenant can only claim if it is {\bf{right of light}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Easements: Requirements 1 \& 4. (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- No use for {\bf{1 year or more}} = {\bf{interruption}} to the 20 years.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Easements: Requirement 2}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Factors which disqualify an easement}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{1. Exercise of the right must not amount to exclusive possession of the servient tenement}}: & If an easement causes the servient owner to {\bf{not be able to use the servient land}} at all it is clear that there is exclusive possession by the dominant owner. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 9)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The easement must not leave the servient owner with {\bf{no reasonable use}} of the servient tenement - ouster principle. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Sole use for a {\bf{limited purpose}} retains the servient owner's {\bf{possession and control}}, so can still be an easement. \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{2. Exercise of the right by the dominant owner must not involve \seqsplit{additional/unavoidable} expenditure by the servient owner}}: & If there is a {\bf{positive obligation}} on the servient tenement to spend extra money to redeem the right, it is {\bf{not}} an easement. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 7)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{3. Exercise of the right must not depend on permission being given by the servient owner}}: & After the initial grant, {\bf{express permission}} should not be required. \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Easements: Requirement 2 (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & If the servient owner only exercises their right in so far as they are {\bf{permitted by the dominant tenement}}, there is no easement. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Easements: Requirement 3}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{4 essential characteristics of an easement - {\emph{Re Ellenborough Park}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{1. There must be a dominant \& servient tenement}}: & 2 identifiable pieces of land:\{\{nl\}\}- 1 which {\bf{benefits}} from the exercise of the right (dominant);\{\{nl\}\}- 1 which is burdened by its exercise (servient). \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 8)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{2. The right must accommodate the dominant tenement}}: & The right must {\bf{benefit the dominant land}}, not a person/business on the land. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The right should affect {\bf{nature, quality, use or value}} of dominant land and not be expressly personal. \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The dominant and servient land must be {\bf{sufficiently proximate}} to each other. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{3. There must be diversity of ownership}}: & The dominant and servient land must be owned by {\bf{different people}}. \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & If the dominant and servient land ever came back into common ownership, any easements enjoyed by the would be extinguished. \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Easements: Requirement 3 (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{4. The right must lie in grant}}: & The right must be:\{\{nl\}\}- granted by a {\bf{capable grantor}} to a {\bf{capable grantee}} (over 18 etc.);\{\{nl\}\}- capable of reasonably exact description\{\{nl\}\}- judicially recognised (within the traditional list or maybe a {\bf{new positive}} type of easement). \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 13)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.4261 cm} x{9.8439 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{What is Land?}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}Land includes the surface, buildings or parts of buildings on the land, other corporeal hereditaments and other incorporeal hereditaments.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Corporeal hereditaments}}: & Physical things attached to the land - {\bf{fixtures}}. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Incorporeal hereditaments}}: & The {\bf{benefit of any proprietary rights the land has}} but which have no physical substance. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}........{\bf{Airspace and the Ground Below}}........} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Airspace}}: & An owner's rights in the airspace above his land are {\bf{restricted}} to such height as is {\bf{necessary}} for the {\bf{ordinary use and enjoyment of the land and the structures}} upon it. \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 9)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Above that height, the owner has {\bf{no greater rights}} than any other member of the public. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 5)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Lower airspace}}: & To such height as is {\bf{necessary for the reasonable enjoyment}} of the particular piece of land. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.4261 cm} x{9.8439 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{What is Land? (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & If a structure {\bf{overhangs the lower airspace of your property}}, that is a {\bf{trespass}} irrespective of whether damage is caused to your property. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Cranes}} are deemed to be within lower airspace. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Upper airspace}}: & Hundreds of feet above the land and not interfering with any use of that land would {\bf{not}} be trespass. \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 5)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
 & S 76(1) Civil Aviation Act 1982 {\bf{grants immunity}} from trespass or nuisance for any {\bf{innocent flight of aircraft}}. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 6)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Ground below}}: & Land ordinarily carries with it {\bf{all that is beneath the surface}}. \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 4)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
 & A landowner is {\bf{not entitled to all minerals}} under his land. All mines of gold and silver belong to the Crown. \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.4261 cm} x{9.8439 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{What is Land? (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & If a landowner finds {\bf{"treasure"}} then that also {\bf{belongs to the Crown}}. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Any {\bf{coal under land belongs to the Coal Authority}} by virtue of the Coal Act 1938. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & S 43 Infrastructure Act 2015 effectively states there is {\bf{no trespass at depths below 300 metres}} and therefore there is {\bf{no need for the consent of the freehold owner to deep-level drilling}}. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{6.5626 cm} x{10.7074 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Land Ownership}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}All physical land is owned by the Crown.} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}A {\bf{proprietary right of possession}} is called an {\bf{estate in land}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Freehold estate}}: & Also known as the {\bf{fee simple absolute in possession}}. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & A right of possession which {\bf{lasts until the current owner dies without heirs}}. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & If the current owner dies without next of kin and without a will, the land is regarded as {\bf{bona vacantia}} and the estate {\bf{reverts to the Crown}}. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 7)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Commonhold}}: & A type of freehold estate. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Designed to meet needs of owners of properties where owners are {\bf{interdependent}} on each other. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 5)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{No overall landlord}}. \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & There is a {\bf{freehold owner}} and a {\bf{commonhold association}} company. \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The owner of each flat is a {\bf{member of the association}}. \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{6.5626 cm} x{10.7074 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Land Ownership (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Association is responsible for maintaining the communal areas of the building. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Leasehold estate}}: & Also known as a {\bf{term of years absolute}}. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & A leaseholder (tenant) may grant a {\bf{lease of lesser duration}} out of their own leasehold, while still retaining the original lease.\{\{nl\}\}- a sub-lease. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 7)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
 & When a lease ends the {\bf{right to physical possession}} of the land {\bf{automatically reverts to the landlord}}. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 5)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Freehold reversion}}: & The {\bf{residue of the estate}} after granting a lease. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Leasehold reversion}}: & The {\bf{residue}} where the {\bf{granter of the lease}} holds a {\bf{leasehold estate}}. \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 4)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}The same piece of land may {\bf{simultaneously}} be subject to a {\bf{freehold}}, {\bf{lease}}, {\bf{sub-lease}} etc.} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}Each estate holder could be described as the {\bf{owner}} for the right to possession for their {\bf{"slice of time"}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.2534 cm} x{10.0166 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sale of a Freehold Estate}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Pre-exchange}}: & After an offer is {\bf{accepted}}, the {\bf{buyer}} will make {\bf{various enquiries}} before committing to a purchase by the formal exchange of contracts. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & E.g. carrying out searches of the public registers and confirming that the seller actually owns the land. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The buyer will also want to find out about any {\bf{proprietary rights}} which benefit or burden the land. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}..........{\bf{Three-Stage Process}}.........} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{1. Exchange of Contracts}}: & {\bf{Voluntary}} and not legally necessary to transfer the estate, but {\bf{common in practice}}. \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Seller and buyer {\bf{enter into a binding contract}} in which they agree the price and other terms. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 5)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The parties become {\bf{legally committed}} to buy/sell the land. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.2534 cm} x{10.0166 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sale of a Freehold Estate (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Parties can {\bf{pull out}} of the deal without legal liability until contract is entered into. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Buyer usually pays a {\bf{deposit}} to the seller. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{1a.}} Formalities: & {\bf{S 2 LP(MP)A 1989}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The contract must be {\bf{in writing}}. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & It must contain all {\bf{expressly agreed terms}}. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
 & It must be {\bf{signed by both parties}}. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & (Remember: a contract is {\bf{not}} required to legally transfer the land). \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{2. Completion}}: & This occurs by way of a {\bf{deed}} - S 52(1) LPA 1925. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The buyer {\bf{pays the balance of the purchase money}} to the seller and the seller moves out of the property and hands the keys to the buyer. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.2534 cm} x{10.0166 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sale of a Freehold Estate (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The sale triggers a {\bf{legal requirement to register}} the land. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{2a.}} Requirements: & {\bf{S 1 LP(MP)A 1989}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The document must be {\bf{labelled as a deed}}. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The deed must be {\bf{validly executed}} (the seller must {\bf{sign in the presence of a witness}}).\{\{nl\}\}The {\bf{buyer}} does {\bf{not}} legally have to sign the deed but in practice {\bf{both parties execute}}. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 9)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The deed must be {\bf{delivered}} by {\bf{dating the document}}. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{3. Registration}}: & The {\bf{buyer}} sends the {\bf{completed deed}} to the {\bf{Land Registry}}. \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & For {\bf{registered}} land - \{\{nl\}\}Legal title transfers at the point at which the {\bf{buyer is registered}} at the Land Registry. \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 6)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
 & For {\bf{unregistered}} land - \{\{nl\}\}Legal title transfers at the {\bf{point of completion}}. First registration of land must be registered within {\bf{2 months of completion}} or title {\bf{reverts back to seller}}. \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Land Registration}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}..........{\bf{Unregistered Land}}.........} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{The {\bf{title information}} is contained in various {\bf{old paper title deeds}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{These are difficult to search through to:\{\{nl\}\}- discover {\bf{third party interests}}\{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{examine title deeds}}\{\{nl\}\}- guarantee {\bf{accuracy}} or {\bf{compensation for error}}\{\{nl\}\}- quickly and inexpensively.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}..........{\bf{Registered Land}}.........} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Land has been {\bf{registered at the Land Registry}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{The register is a {\bf{complete record}} f all matters relating to a piece of land.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Once registered, a person's {\bf{ownership is guaranteed by the State}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{All information is held {\bf{centrally}} and can be viewed {\bf{online}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}..........{\bf{Registering Unregistered Land}}.........} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{There is {\bf{no obligation}} to register an unregistered title.} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{But, unregistered land {\bf{must be registered}} if there is a transaction/event which {\bf{triggers}} compulsory registration.} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Each time that land is {\bf{sold}} for the first time {\bf{since 1 December 1990}} it must be registered - {\bf{first registration}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}..........{\bf{Triggering Events}}.........} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Apply to {\bf{both}} unregistered and registered land.} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{If {\bf{unregistered}}, the land must be {\bf{registered for the first time}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Land Registration (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{If {\bf{registered}}, the register must be {\bf{updated}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{The events:} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- Transfer of freehold estate by {\bf{sale, gift or court order}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- Grant of a {\bf{lease}} for a term of {\bf{more than 7 years}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- A {\bf{first legal mortgage}} of the freehold or of a leasehold with {\bf{more than 7 years}} to run.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- {\bf{Assignment (transfer) of a lease}} of {\bf{unregistered}} land with {\bf{more than 7 years}} to run.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- An {\bf{assent, vesting assent or vesting deed}} which is a disposition of the freehold or a leasehold with {\bf{more than 7 years}} to run (refers mainly to ({\bf{transfers on death}}).} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- The grant of a {\bf{lease}} to take effect in possession {\bf{more than 3 months after the date of the grant}} (i.e. future leases).} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Purpose of Land Registration}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Mirror Principle}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{The register should reflect {\bf{all matters}} that the property has the {\bf{benefit and burden}} of.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Should be a {\bf{clear and comprehensive account of the ownership and rights}} of a piece of land.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{A purchaser should only need to look at the register to understand who {\bf{owns a property}} and what {\bf{third party rights will bind the property}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{However, an overriding interest is an interest that {\bf{does not appear on the register}} but will still be binding on the owner of the legal estate and any buyer of it.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Curtain Principle}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{The register records the {\bf{legal title}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{The the {\bf{beneficial or equitable ownership}} of the land is {\bf{kept off}} the title.} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{The purchasers {\bf{need not be concerned}} with beneficial/equitable ownership of the land.} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Insurance Principle}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{The {\bf{accuracy}} of the register is {\bf{guaranteed}} by the state.} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{If there is an {\bf{error with the register}}, it will be {\bf{corrected}} and anyone who has suffered any loss will be {\bf{compensated}} (S 23 LRA 2002) - 'state indemnity'.} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.5988 cm} x{9.6712 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Registered Title to Land}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}When a piece of land is registered for the first time, it is given a {\bf{unique title number}} and the details of the land owner and rights that {\bf{benefit/burden a piece of land are recorded}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}The {\bf{Land Registry registered title documents}} are known as the {\bf{Official Copy}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{The {\bf{Official Copy}} for each piece of land contains:} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{1. Property register}}: & A {\bf{description}} of the property by reference to a filed plan. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The {\bf{nature}} of the estate (freehold/leasehold). \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The details of any {\bf{proprietary rights that benefit}} the land. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{2. Proprietorship register}}: & {\bf{Details of the owner}} of the legal estate. \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The {\bf{class of title}}. \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Any {\bf{restrictions}} on the owner(s) ability to deal with the land. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 4)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{3. Charges register}}: & {\bf{Details of any burdens}} on the land. \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Details of any leases}} granted out of the title. \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.5988 cm} x{9.6712 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Registered Title to Land (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}.......................................} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}With the exception of those deemed by the LRA 2002 to be 'overriding', only interests that have been correctly entered on the register will be enforceable against a purchaser.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{6.5626 cm} x{10.7074 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Classes of Title}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Absolute Title}} & The {\bf{best form of ownership}}. \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Most properties}} are registered with this class of title. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The land is {\bf{only bound}} by interests that are {\bf{registered}} on the title or {\bf{overriding}} interests. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Qualified Title}} & An owner may be registered with qualified title if the Land Registry is of the opinion that the {\bf{title has some defect}} which it will then specify on the register. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 7)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Very rare}} to see someone registered with qualified title in practice. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Good Leasehold Title}} & Granted where the Land Registry is satisfied as to the title of the {\bf{leaseholder only}} and not the freeholder. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 5)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Could be the case where the {\bf{freehold title is unregistered}} and where the applicant {\bf{fails to submit evidence of the freehold title}} when applying to register his leasehold title. \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{6.5626 cm} x{10.7074 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Classes of Title (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Possessory Title}} & May be given by the Land Registry where the applicant is in {\bf{possession of the property}} or is {\bf{in receipt of rents and profits}} and there is no other class of title that can be given. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Where there are {\bf{no title deeds}} to prove ownership or the deeds have been destroyed, Possessory Title would be given. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Usually given to those with a claim under {\bf{'Adverse Possession'}} or {\bf{'Squatters Rights'}}. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 5)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
 & May mean that third party interests created before the date of first registration will bind the property even though these are not noted on the title. \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.6991 cm} x{11.5709 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Legal Interests in Land}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Mortgage}}: & Can be defined as a {\bf{loan of cash}}, which is secured by rights granted over property. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Rights include the {\bf{right to possess and sell}} the land in the event of default in the mortgage repayments. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The {\bf{borrower}} grants the mortgage, {\bf{not}} the lender. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Easement}}: & A proprietary right to {\bf{use land which belongs to another}}. \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Use is {\bf{more limited}} than an exclusive right to occupy or use. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Must be granted for a {\bf{term equivalent to a freehold/leasehold estate}} - i.e. forever or for a certain period - to be a legal easement. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 6)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Examples: {\bf{rights of way}}, {\bf{drainage}}, {\bf{storage}} and {\bf{parking}} on neighbouring land. \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Rights of entry}}: & A right for a {\bf{landlord to re-enter leased premises}} and end the leasehold estate in the event of tenant default or some other specified event; {\bf{OR}} \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.6991 cm} x{11.5709 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Legal Interests in Land (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & A {\bf{rentcharge owner's right to hold the land}} if money owed in not paid. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Rentcharge = a legal right to {\bf{receive a periodic sum}} paid by the owner of the land (very rare). \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & A {\bf{right of entry in a lease{\emph{ = a }}forfeiture clause}}*. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.7715 cm} x{9.4985 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Equitable Interests in Land}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Restrictive covenants}}: & A covenant is a {\bf{promise}}. \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Restrictive covenants {\bf{prevent}} a land owner from doing something on their land. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Estate contracts}}: & A {\bf{contractual right}} to a legal estate, whether freehold or leasehold. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Equity will order {\bf{specific performance of a contract to create or transfer}} a legal estate, because each piece of land is regarded as unique. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 7)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & This, together with the maxim that {\bf{'equity sees that as done what ought to be done'}}*, results in an equitable interest arising from the contract. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 7)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Interests in a trust of land}}: & A piece of land may be {\bf{placed in trust}}. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The {\bf{beneficiary(s) has an equitable interest}} in the land. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Legal vs. Equitable Interests}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Remedies}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{ac\}\}Legal Interest & \{\{ac\}\}Equitable Interest \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- {\bf{wide range}} of remedies available & - remedies entirely at discretion of cour \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
- {\bf{entitled to damages}} as of right & - {\bf{not entitled}} to damages as of right \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- no discretion as to the merits of the case & - \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
- {\bf{equitable remedies}} may be available & - \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Enforcement}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Enforcement of the interest against third parties differs in both cases.} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{6.7353 cm} x{10.5347 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Proprietary Rights in Land}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Proprietary rights}}: & Can be enforced by an {\bf{action in rem}} (use or possession of the land can be {\bf{recovered}}). \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The right holder will have a {\bf{right to occupy/use/restrict}} what can be done on the land in some way. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & They do {\bf{not}} have to settle for damages if they are deprived of their right. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Can be {\bf{enforced against a third party}}. \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Fixed list of proprietary rights:\{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{freehold}} estate\{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{leasehold}} estate\{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{easement}}\{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{mortgage}}\{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{restrictive covenant}}\{\{nl\}\}- estate {\bf{contract}}\{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{beneficial interest}} in a trust of land \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 10)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Personal rights}}: & Use/occupation of the right {\bf{cannot}} be recovered. \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Can only be enforced by a personal action for {\bf{damages}} if the right is breached. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{6.7353 cm} x{10.5347 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Proprietary Rights in Land (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Only bind the parties to that right}}. \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Cannot}} be enforced against {\bf{third parties}}. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Just because a particular use of land is recognised on the list of proprietary rights, this does not mean the right is definitely proprietary.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{The {\bf{nature, creation and protection}} of rights in land need to be considered:} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Nature of a right}}: & To have proprietary status, a right must satisfy certain characteristics of that right. \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
 & E.g. If a right to park is an easement but the car is locked out of the garage so unable to use it, this {\bf{does not fit with the definition of an easement}}. \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 7)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Creation of a right}}: & Most proprietary rights are subject to {\bf{strict formality requirements}}. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 4)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Compliance with such formalities may ultimately determine whether the right is proprietary or not. \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{6.7353 cm} x{10.5347 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Proprietary Rights in Land (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Protection of a right}}: & If a right is proprietary, is it enforceable against a third party? \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
 & To be {\bf{enforceable}} against subsequent owners, the right {\bf{must}} be {\bf{registered at the Land Registry}}. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fixtures}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{The Legal Test}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}The {\bf{degree}} of annexation test raises a {\bf{presumption}}, that the thing in question is or is not a fixture which can then be {\bf{rebutted}} by objectively looking at the {\bf{purpose}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{1. Degree of annexation test}}: & The {\bf{more firmly the object is fixed}} to the land or building, the {\bf{more likely}} it is to be classified as a fixture. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Even if it is {\bf{fairly easy to remove}}, its {\bf{character}} is still prima facie that of a fixture. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & If the object {\bf{rests on the land by its own weight}}, it is generally considered to be a chattel. \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{2. Purpose of annexation test}}: & This test takes {\bf{priority over the degree test}} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Considers {\bf{why}} the object is attached to the land/building. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Was the object for the {\bf{more convenient use or enjoyment}} as a {\bf{chattel}}, or to {\bf{enhance}} the land or building in some way as a {\bf{fixture}}? \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fixtures (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Fixture vs Chattel}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Fixture}} & \{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Chattel}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- intended to be {\bf{permanent}} & - {\bf{temporary}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
- a {\bf{lasting improvement}} to the building & - no more than is necessary for the object to be {\bf{used and enjoyed}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- {\bf{kitchen units}} & - ornamental items, e.g. pictures \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
- items {\bf{installed by a builder}} are more likely fixtures & - easy to remove {\bf{carpets}} and {\bf{curtains}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- {\bf{bathroom fittings}} & - {\bf{light fittings}} attached with screws \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
- {\bf{chattels}} which form part of the {\bf{architectural design}} of a building & - {\bf{kitchen appliances}} which are not integrated and can be removed without damage \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 5)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- objects which cannot be removed {\bf{without destruction/damage}} & - {\bf{securely affixed}} items which are affixed as such purely for {\bf{better enjoyment}} of that item \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Land Contracts}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}A contract to buy/sell is {\bf{not}} the only type of land contract, but they all follow the {\bf{three-stage process}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Formalities}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{1. The contract must be in writing}} & There is {\bf{no scope}} for an oral land contract. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{2. It must contain all expressly agreed terms}} & Terms must be incorporated by being {\bf{set out in the document}} or by {\bf{reference}} to some other document. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{3. It must be signed by both parties}} & Terms may be contained in {\bf{one document}} signed by {\bf{both parties}}. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & If the contract is to be {\bf{exchanged}}, terms should be contained in 2 {\bf{identical}} documents. \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 5)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Variations}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Whenever a {\bf{material}} term in a land contract is varied, that {\bf{variation must also comply}} with the above formalities.} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{A {\bf{material term}} is one which is {\bf{essential to the nature of the contract}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Application}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Land contracts most often create a {\bf{contractual right to a legal estate}}} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Land Contracts (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{E.g. sale contracts, contract for lease, option agreement, right of pre-emption.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Effect}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{A land contract may be created {\bf{deliberately}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{A land contract may be created through parties {\bf{trying to create a valid deed but failing}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{The courts will recognise an {\bf{equitable interest}} in the land where a binding land contract exists.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Binding contracts {\bf{pass an equitable interest}} in the land to the buyer - an {\bf{estate contract}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{An estate contract can only exist if the remedy of {\bf{specific performance}} is available (i.e. C has clean hands).} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{An estate contract is a {\bf{proprietary right in land}} so it is capable of {\bf{binding and being specifically enforceable against third parties}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{To be {\bf{binding on third party}} purchasers, an estate contract {\bf{must be protected}} against third parties.} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{If the estate contract is {\bf{not protected}} but the {\bf{third party is a donee}} (gifted/inherited land), the {\bf{donee will be bound}} by a properly created estate contract.} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{6.5626 cm} x{10.7074 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Breach of Land Contract}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Damages}}: & Common law remedy. \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Available {\bf{as of right}}. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Measured by the {\bf{loss which C has suffered}} as a result of the breach. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Specific performance}}: & Equitable remedy. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & A {\bf{court order}} compelling the defaulting party to {\bf{carry out positive contractual obligations}}. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Not}} available as of right; at the {\bf{discretion}} of the court. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Regard will be had to the {\bf{behaviour of both parties}}. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Must come with {\bf{clean hands}} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Injunction}}: & Equitable remedy. \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & A {\bf{court order restraining somebody from doing something}}, including breaching a contract by selling the land to someone else. \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 6)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Not}} available as of right; at the {\bf{discretion}} of the court. \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{6.5626 cm} x{10.7074 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Breach of Land Contract (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Regard will be had to the {\bf{behaviour of both parties}}. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Must come with {\bf{clean hands}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Lease vs. Licence}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Lease}} & \{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Licence}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
- {\bf{Proprietary right}} in the Land & - {\bf{Personal permission}} to be on someone's land \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- Capable of being {\bf{enforced against third parties}} & - Can only be {\bf{enforced against the grantor}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
- A tenant can {\bf{sue a third party for nuisance or trespass}} & - A licensee is {\bf{not entitled to sue a third party for nuisance or trespass}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- Can confer the {\bf{right of security of tenure}} & - {\bf{No security of tenure}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
- Enforceable {\emph{in rem}} & - Enforceable {\emph{in personam}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- Tenants under leases receive {\bf{various statutory protection}} & - {\bf{No statutory protection}} for licensees \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Lease Requirements: Certainty of Term}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}Certainty of term can be shown by a {\bf{fixed term}} or a {\bf{periodic term}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Fixed term}} & \{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Periodic term}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- exists where the {\bf{maximum duration}} of the arrangement is {\bf{known from the outset}}. & - Technically a {\bf{lease for one period}}. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
- Once created, {\bf{neither party can unilaterally end the lease earlier}} unless there is a break clause present in the lease enabling them to do so. & - Generally, {\bf{weekly}}, {\bf{monthly}}, {\bf{quarterly}}, {\bf{yearly}}. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 8)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- & - The period goes on extending itself automatically until either landlord or tenant give notice to terminate the tenancy - {\bf{notice to quit}}. \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 8)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
- & - Can be created {\bf{expressly}} (via written agreement) or {\bf{impliedly}} (by looking objectively at all relevant circumstances) \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Lease Requirements: Certainty of Term (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- & - The 'term' of the periodic tenancy depends upon the period by reference to which the rent is calculated, rather than the intervals at which it is payable. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.9442 cm} x{9.3258 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Lease Requirements: Exclusive Possession}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\emph{Street v Mountford}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}Exclusive possession means the {\bf{right to exclude}} all others from the property, including the landlord.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}If a {\bf{clause appears to defeat exclusion possession}} but has been inserted into a lease only to make what would otherwise be a lease, appear like a licence, it will be thrown out as a {\bf{sham}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Certain scenarios may indicate that an occupier does {\bf{not}} have exclusive possession:} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{1. Retention of a key}}: & A landlord retaining a key to the premises may make it appear as if the occupant does not have exclusive possession. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 6)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & However, if the key is only retained for {\bf{emergencies}}, exclusive possession may still exist. \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 5)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Is the right of access the landlord has {\bf{restricted or unrestricted}}? \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Restricted = likely exclusive possession}}. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Retention of a key will {\bf{not}} determine the nature of arrangement either way. \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.9442 cm} x{9.3258 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Lease Requirements: Exclusive Possession (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{2. Landlord provides services}}: & If a landlord provides {\bf{attendance or services}} there is a {\bf{licence}}. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Services include {\bf{cleaning}}, {\bf{changing linen}} etc. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & This holds on the assumption that the {\bf{services are {\emph{actually}} carried out}}. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{3. Sharing clauses}}: & If the landlord reserves the right to {\bf{share the property}} with the occupiers or reserves the right to {\bf{introduce others to share}}, this may mean there is {\bf{no}} exclusive possession. \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 9)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The occupier {\bf{cannot}} exclude whoever the landlord is able to introduce. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The sharing clause may be a {\bf{sham}}. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & In considering whether the clause is a sham, the {\bf{size and nature}} of the accommodation, the {\bf{relationship}} between the occupiers, the {\bf{wording}} of the clause and whether the clause has been {\bf{exercised}} should be considered. \tn 
% Row Count 38 (+ 12)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.9442 cm} x{9.3258 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Lease Requirements: Exclusive Possession (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}............{\bf{Business Tenancies}}...........} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{The courts are {\bf{more prepared to accept the reality of the label}} 'licence' than they are in the residential context as there tends to be more {\bf{equality in bargaining power}}, with commercial leases often negotiated and parties legally represented.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 6)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{A {\bf{high degree of physical control}} over the premises and conduct of a business on a land is likely to be indicative of a {\bf{license}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{If the occupation agreement contains {\bf{a right for the landlord to relocate and move the tenant}} to alternative premises, it will {\bf{not}} be a lease.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.4261 cm} x{9.8439 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Leases: Formalities}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{The general rule}}: & DEED \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & To create a legal lease, a {\bf{deed}} must be used. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The requirements of a valid deed are in s 1 LP(MP)A 1989. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Leases over 7 years}}: & DEED + REGISTRATION \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & A {\bf{deed}} must be used. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The lease must also be {\bf{registered}} - this is {\bf{compulsory}}. \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & If not registered, the legal leasehold estate will {\bf{not have been created}}. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Leases of 7 years or less}}: & DEED (binding as an overriding interest) \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & A {\bf{deed}} must be used. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The lease {\bf{need not}} be registered. \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Lease will still take effect as a legal lease. \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Lease will be {\bf{binding on a new freehold estate owner}} as an {\bf{overriding interest}}. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.4261 cm} x{9.8439 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Leases: Formalities (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Leases of 3 years or less}}: & NO FORMALITIES (so long as requirements fulfilled) \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
 & No deed needed so long as:\{\{nl\}\}1. The lease takes effect {\bf{in possession}}\{\{nl\}\}2. It is granted at {\bf{best/market rent}}; and\{\{nl\}\}3. {\bf{no premium/fine}} is payable \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 8)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The lease {\bf{need not}} be registered. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Lease will be {\bf{binding on a new freehold estate owner}} as an {\bf{overriding interest}}. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Examples:\{\{nl\}\}- Short fixed term leases (max. term of 3 years or less)\{\{nl\}\}- Express periodic tenancies (w/ tenancy agreement)\{\{nl\}\}- Implied periodic tenancies (occupier is in possession and paying rent at regular intervals).\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}- Periodic tenancies are only short term when each individual period of tenancy is 3 years or less. \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 16)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.4261 cm} x{9.8439 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Leases: Formalities (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Equitable leases}}: & WRITING + TERMS + SIGNED BY BOTH \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Parties enter into a {\bf{contract for lease}} or try to grant a legal lease which {\bf{fails to comply}} with the formality requirements. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 6)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The tenant will have an equitable lease (estate contract) if the agreement:\{\{nl\}\}- is in {\bf{writing}}\{\{nl\}\}- contains {\bf{all the terms}}\{\{nl\}\}- is {\bf{signed}} by {\bf{both parties}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.6991 cm} x{11.5709 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Leases: Multiple Occupancy}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}If the occupiers together have the {\bf{right to exclude all others}}, including the landowner, then there is likely a lease arrangement.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}There could be {\bf{one single lease}} (a joint tenancy) or {\bf{several individual leases}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Joint tenancy}}: & All co-owners/tenants constitute {\bf{one single entity}}. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & They own/lease the {\bf{whole property}} as {\bf{one collective entity}}. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & They are {\bf{jointly and severally liable}} for the terms of the agreement. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Joint liability}}: & If {\bf{one occupier left}}, the {\bf{remaining occupiers}} would be liable for the {\bf{whole rent payment}}, not an individual share of it. \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{6.908 cm} x{10.362 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Joint Tenancy: Requirements}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{1. Unity of Possession}}: & All must be entitled to occupy the {\bf{whole of the premises}}. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & No-one has exclusive use of any part \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & If the occupiers can show that they each have {\bf{exclusive possession}} of a part of the property then it is possible for them to have {\bf{individual leases}} of their own part. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 8)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{2. Unity of Interest}}: & All must hold the {\bf{same lease term and restrictions}}. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & All must be {\bf{jointly liable for the rent}}. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{3. Unity of Time}}: & All of the occupiers' {\bf{interests must start at the same time}}. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{4. Unity of Title}}: & All of the occupiers' interests must derive from the {\bf{same document}} or from {\bf{separate but identical documents}} which are interdependent (i.e. both would have been signed, or neither). \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 8)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}Where occupants do {\bf{not}} have {\bf{all 4 unities}}, they do {\bf{not}} have a joint tenancy.} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.5988 cm} x{9.6712 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Easements: Formalities}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Express legal easements}}: & Must be created by {\bf{deed}} - s 52 LPA 1925. \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Must be intended to be a deed; signed by grantor \& witness; delivered/dated. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Easement must be {\bf{substantively registered}} at the Land Registry to be legal - s 27(2)(d) LRA 2002. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Benefit}} of the easement noted on the {\bf{Proprietary Register}} of dominant land's title. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Burden}} of the easement is noted in the {\bf{Charges register}} of the servient land's title. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Express equitable easements}}: & Not been created properly?\{\{nl\}\}Failed contract must be:\{\{nl\}\}- in writing\{\{nl\}\}- contain all terms\{\{nl\}\}- signed by both parties. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 6)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Not granted/reserved for suitable duration term?\{\{nl\}\}Must be:\{\{nl\}\}- in writing\{\{nl\}\}- signed by grantor. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.5988 cm} x{9.6712 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Easements: Formalities (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{No substantive registration}} needed for equitable easement to exist. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}



\end{document}