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\author{livjharrison}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (criminal-law-cheat-sheet.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (livjharrison)
  /Subject (Criminal Law Cheat Sheet)
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Criminal Law Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{livjharrison} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/192137/cs/41890/}}}
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\noindent
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}livjharrison \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/livjharrison} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 1st January, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Legal Causation - Acts of Victim}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Fright and flight}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{If V's escape is {\bf{not foreseeable}} by the reasonable person, D is {\bf{not}} the legal cause of the prohibited result} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{If V did something so {\bf{daft and unexpected}} that no reasonable man could be expected to foresee it, their voluntary act will break the chain - R v Roberts} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{In determining if V's acts are foreseeable, the jury should have the same knowledge and characteristics as D at the time D committed the act - R v Roberts} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Characteristics are those which would be visible to the reasonable man present at the time of D's act.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Refusing medical treatment}}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{D must take their victim as they find them in both mind and body - R v Blaue} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{V's refusal of medical treatment on religious grounds does not break the chain - R v Blaue} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{It does not matter whether D's act was instantly mortal or whether it became the cause of death because the deceased refused recommended treatment - R v Holland} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Whether or not the resumption or continuation of an injury was deliberately caused by V, the jury is entitled to find D's conduct made an operative and substantial contribution to V's death - R v Dear} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 4)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Suicide}}} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Suicide may {\bf{not}} break the chain if:\{\{nl\}\}- V nonetheless dies from original wound\{\{nl\}\}-Suicide was reasonably foreseeable (e.g. pianist loses fingers; sportsman paralysed)\{\{nl\}\}- D's act was a significant and operating cause of death and at the time of the attack, it was reasonably foreseeable that V would die by suicide as a result of their injuries} \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Legal Causation - Acts of Victim (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Suicide {\bf{may break}} the chain if:\{\{nl\}\}- injuries inflicted by D have healed but V goes on to die by suicide\{\{nl\}\}-it was a {\bf{voluntary and informed}} decision by V to act (e.g. drug supplier has not caused the drug to be administered when another injects it)} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Theft}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Actus reus = appropriation of property belonging to another.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
AR: {\bf{appropriation}} & {\bf{Assuming one of the owner's rights}} is appropriation \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Rights include: {\bf{sell}}ing, {\bf{hiring}}, giving away, {\bf{destroying}}, picking up, {\bf{using}}. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & D can still be guilty of theft even if they do {\bf{not}} intend to permanently deprive the owner of the property. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & D can still appropriate property even with the {\bf{consent}} of the owner. \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & D can be guilty of stealing a {\bf{valid gift between living people}}. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & D's {\bf{later assumption of an owner's right}}, either by keeping or dealing with property, will be an appropriation. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Theft (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{NOTE: Where {\bf{D purchases goods in good faith}} and for value, then {\bf{later discovers}} the seller had no title to the property but decides to {\bf{keep}} it, D will {\bf{not}} be liable.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
AR: {\bf{property}} & Property includes {\bf{money{\emph{ and }}real/personal tangible/intangible}}* property \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & A person {\bf{can}} steal:\{\{nl\}\}- money\{\{nl\}\}- real property (land in some circumstances)\{\{nl\}\}- personal property\{\{nl\}\}- intangible property (e.g. bank credit, shares, patents)\{\{nl\}\}- unlawful/illegal items (e.g. class A drugs) \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 12)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
 & A person {\bf{cannot}} steal:\{\{nl\}\}- land\{\{nl\}\}- wild plants and animals\{\{nl\}\}- electricity\{\{nl\}\}- corpses \& body parts\{\{nl\}\}- confidential information\{\{nl\}\}- services\{\{nl\}\}- cheques over overdraft limits \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 11)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Theft (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
AR: {\bf{belonging}} to another & Property which any person has {\bf{possession/control}} of, or any {\bf{proprietary right}} or interest in. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Property can cease to belong to another if it has been {\bf{abandoned}}. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Property is not abandoned just because the owner has stopped looking for it. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Possession/control of property includes that of the {\bf{land}} upon which the property is found. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 5)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & D can steal their {\bf{own property}} where it is in {\bf{possession and control}} of another at the relevant time. \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 6)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Title}} in property passes when parties {\bf{intend}} it to. \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Where {\bf{particular arrangements}} are made with D regarding specified property, D may be liable for {\bf{theft}} if they do not appropriate the property accordingly. \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Theft (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & D is {\bf{not}} required to restore property received by {\bf{another's mistake}}, {\bf{unless}} that property is {\bf{money}} ({\bf{both}} parties would {\bf{own}} the money but D is required by law to {\bf{restore}} it) \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
 & A person who gives property {\bf{by mistake}} retains an {\bf{equitable interest}} in it. \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 5)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Mens Rea = performance of the AR dishonestly with the intention to permanently deprive}}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
MR: {\bf{dishonesty}} & D is {\bf{not dishonest}} if they believe that:\{\{nl\}\}- they have a {\bf{right in law}} to deprive the other of the property;\{\{nl\}\}- they would have the other's consent; or\{\{nl\}\}- the {\bf{owner}} of the property cannot be discovered by taking {\bf{reasonable steps}}. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 13)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Theft (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & D need {\bf{not}} take reasonable steps. D must only {\bf{believe}} that taking such steps will not enable the owner to be found. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
 & D's is {\bf{not dishonest}} if their beliefs are {\bf{genuinely held}} ({\bf{subjective}}) \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Where the above does {\bf{not}} help, the case of {\bf{Ivey}} is used. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Ivey:\{\{nl\}\}- What was D's {\bf{knowledge and belief}} as to the facts?\{\{nl\}\}- Given this, was D dishonest by the {\bf{standards of ordinary decent people}}? \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 8)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Dishonest intent {\bf{must}} be formed at the time when the goods {\bf{belong to another}}. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 5)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{white}
MR: intention to {\bf{permanently deprive}} & Where D treats the thing as their own to {\bf{dispose}} of regardless of the other's rights. \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Theft (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Dispose of}} =\{\{nl\}\}- to get rid of or sell.\{\{nl\}\}- D attempting to sell the owner their own property;\{\{nl\}\}- D using the owner's property for bargaining;\{\{nl\}\}- D rendering the property useless. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{white}
 & D has the intention is they treat the property in a manner which {\bf{risks its loss}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 5)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Disposal does {\bf{not}} mean {\bf{merely dealing}} with the property; more is required. \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 5)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Borrowing}} may be intentional deprivation where it is for a period of time or in circumstances {\bf{equivalent to an outright taking/disposal}} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 8)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Where D {\bf{borrows money}}, an intention to pay it back does {\bf{not}} negate the ITPD the owner of the {\bf{original notes and coins}} \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Theft (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
MR: {\bf{oblique intention}} & If ITPD cannot be found, oblique intention can be considered. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Factual Causation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{'But for'}} the acts or omissions of D, the relevant consequence would not have occurred in the way it did - R v White} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Thin Skull Rule}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{D must take V as they find them - R v Hayward} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Natural Events}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Natural events will only break the chain if they are {\bf{extraordinary and not reasonably foreseeable}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{E.g. If D knocks V unconscious on the beach and V drowns in incoming tide, D is the legal cause. The tide coming in is reasonably foreseeable.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Actus Reus - Criminal Liability for Omissions}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{To secure a conviction based upon a failure to act, the prosecution must prove that:} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{1. The crime is {\bf{capable of being committed by an omission}} (some offences can only be committed by an act);} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{2. D was under a {\bf{legal duty}} to act;} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{3. D {\bf{breached}} that duty;} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{4. D's {\bf{breach caused the AR}} of the offence to occur; and} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{5. Where the offence requires, D had the required {\bf{mens rea}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.4623 cm} x{8.8077 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Actus Reus - Legal Duty to Act}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Statute & Under statutes, many offences can be committed by an omission. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & E.g. It is an offence to fail to provide a specimen of breath under S 6(4) RTA 1988. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Special relationship & Parents owe a legal duty to their children to act to protect them and to not neglect them. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Examples of relationships:\{\{nl\}\}- doctors and patients\{\{nl\}\}-spouses\{\{nl\}\}-teachers and students \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Voluntary assumption of a duty of care & A person is not generally under a duty to care for another in distress. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & If a person voluntarily assumes a duty towards another, that person is liable if they fail to carry out that duty. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 6)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & If D chooses to undertake the care of a person who is helpless (from infancy, mental illness or another infirmity) they are bound to execute that responsibility. \tn 
% Row Count 38 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.4623 cm} x{8.8077 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Actus Reus - Legal Duty to Act (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Contract & A duty can be owed by D either to the party with whom D is contracted or to a third party. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
D creating a dangerous situation & If D creates a dangerous situation, D has a duty to take reasonable steps to counteract the dangerous situation created. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 6)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The steps need only be reasonable, e.g. summoning help, warning others. \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
 & D would not be expected to risk their own life to save the lives of others. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Public office & Emergency services personnel, especially the police, may have a duty to act in performing their duties when on duty and in uniform. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.181 cm} x{12.089 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mens Rea - Intention}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Direct intention & Direct intent = the {\bf{aim or purpose}} of D's act. \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & This is a {\bf{subjective}} test from D's point of view at the time of the AR. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Oblique intention & Oblique intent = the consequence is not D's purpose but {\bf{a side effect}} that D accepts as an inevitable or certain accompaniment to D's direct intention. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Used in rare circumstances when the facts require it and when {\bf{intention is the only form of MR}} for the offence. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Jury cannot find intention unless they find {\bf{foresight of virtual certainty}}. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & E.g. Murder - jury can only find intention where they are sure that death or serious bodily harm was a {\bf{virtual certainty}} as a result of D's act and D appreciated this. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mens Rea - Recklessness}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{To be criminally liable for reckless behaviour, the risk taking must be unjustifiable.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{If risk taking is justifiable, then there is social utility or value to the activity against the likelihood and the amount of harm that might happen.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{D acts recklessly where (1) {\bf{D is aware}} of a risk and (2) in the {\bf{circumstances known to D}}, it is {\bf{objectively unreasonable}} to take that risk.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{The jury should {\bf{NOT}} consider the circumstances not known to D at the time D committed the offence.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Gross Negligence Manslaughter}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{D will be liable where D has {\bf{breached a duty}} of care owed to V through a positive act or omission which causes death and is considered {\bf{so bad as to necessitate a criminal charge}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{5 requirements for gross negligence manslaughter}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
1. {\bf{Duty}} of care & D will owe such a duty towards anyone where harm caused by their acts was {\bf{foreseeable}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & A duty may be owed due to {\bf{contract}}, {\bf{statute}} or {\bf{special relationship}} etc., including the {\bf{duty to act}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
2. {\bf{Breach}} of duty & D's acts fell {\bf{below the standard}} expected of a reasonable person \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The reasonable person will be attributed with any {\bf{special skill}} used by D \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
3. Breach causes {\bf{death}} & D's breach must have {\bf{factually and legally}} caused the death of V. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & This is {\bf{objective}} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Gross Negligence Manslaughter (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
4. {\bf{Risk}} of death & There must be an {\bf{obvious and serious risk}} of not merely injury or serious injury but {\bf{death}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & An obvious risk is one which is {\bf{present, clear and unambiguous}}, not one which might become apparent on further investigation \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 7)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
5. Breach was so bad as to amount to {\bf{gross negligence}} & The conduct of D must be {\bf{so bad in all the circumstances}} as to amount to a criminal act or omission \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 6)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The negligence must have shown such a {\bf{disregard for life and safety}} of others as to amount to a crime \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 6)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & There is {\bf{no requirement}} for any {\bf{mental state}} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
 & D's {\bf{knowledge/experience}} should be considered if it should have alerted them to the risk \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Gross Negligence Manslaughter (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & D may {\bf{not}} be grossly negligent where their mistakes are in part/wholly caused by {\bf{mistakes of other equally/more senior individuals}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.2534 cm} x{10.0166 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Aggravated Criminal Damage}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Actus reus = destroy or damage; property; without lawful excuse.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
AR: {\bf{destroy}} or {\bf{damage}} & Destroy \& damage hold the {\bf{same meaning as for basic}} CD. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
AR: {\bf{property}} & Property holds the {\bf{same meaning as for basic}} CD. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & D can commit aggravated CD to their {\bf{own property}}. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}It is {\bf{irrelevant}} whether the life of another was {\bf{actually}} endangered**} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}...................} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Mens Rea = the intention or recklessness as to the damage/destruction of property and as to the endangerment of life by that damage/destruction.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
MR: {\bf{intention}} & At the time D carried out the AR, it was D's {\bf{aim or purpose}} to destroy/damage property. \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 4)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
MR: {\bf{recklessness}} & The prosecution must prove that:\{\{nl\}\}1. At the time of committing the AR, D was {\bf{subjectively}} aware of a {\bf{risk}}; and\{\{nl\}\}2. In the circumstances known to D, it was {\bf{objectively unreasonable}} for D to take that risk. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.2534 cm} x{10.0166 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Aggravated Criminal Damage (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
MR: {\bf{endangerment of life}} & Danger to life {\bf{must}} arise from the {\bf{damaged property}}. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}................} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Aggravated Arson}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Aggravated arson is aggravated CD by fire.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{It is charged under s1(2) and 1(3) CDA 1971.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{The AR and MR instead refer to {\bf{damage or destruction by fire}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}The lawful defences in s 5(2) CDA 1971 {\bf{do not apply}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Special Defence: Loss of Control}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Loss of control is a {\bf{partial defence}} to murder.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{If successful, the conviction is reduced from murder to voluntary manslaughter.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{The prosecution must prove {\bf{only one}} of the elements is absent for the defence to fail.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{3 key aspects to loss of control:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
1. D must have {\bf{lost self-control}} & There need not be a complete loss of control so that D does not know what they are doing, but D must be {\bf{unable to restrain themselves}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 7)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & A mere loss of {\bf{temper is not enough}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The loss of control {\bf{need not be sudden}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The defence does not operate where D was acting out of a {\bf{considered desire for revenge}} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 5)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The {\bf{longer the delay}} between the trigger and the killing, the {\bf{less likely}} it is that D has {\bf{lost self-control}} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Special Defence: Loss of Control (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{2. Due to the {\bf{fear and/or anger}} qualifying trigger} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
a) Fear trigger & {\bf{Fear}} trigger = fear of {\bf{serious violence}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & D cannot rely on the fear trigger if D caused the trigger as an excuse to use violence \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
b) Anger trigger & {\bf{Anger}} trigger = there must have been something {\bf{said or done}} that constitutes circumstances of an {\bf{extremely grave nature}} and that caused D to have a {\bf{justifiable sense}} of being {\bf{seriously wronged}} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 11)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & D cannot rely on the anger trigger if D caused the trigger as an excuse to use violence \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 5)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
 & D cannot rely on the anger trigger if the thing said/done constitutes sexual infidelity \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Special Defence: Loss of Control (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Circumstances of an extremely grave nature are determined {\bf{objectively}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Whether the sense of being seriously wronged is justifiable is an {\bf{objective}} question \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
3. And a {\bf{normal person}} might have acted in a similar way to D & A normal person = a person of D's sex and age with a normal degree of tolerance and self-restraint. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 5)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The jury {\bf{cannot}} consider any characteristics or circumstances of D that would affect the normal tolerance and ability to exercise restraint. \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 8)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Bad temper, intoxication, extreme sensitivity, PTSD and personality disorders are {\bf{not}} characteristics of the normal person. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 7)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Limitations}}} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 1)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Special Defence: Loss of Control (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
The defence of loss of control cannot be used in: & (1) an act of considered desire for revenge \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
 & (2) as an excuse to use violence \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & (3) if the thing said/done constituted sexual infidelity \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
 & (4) if the defendant is charged with attempted murder \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{S 9(1)(a) Burglary}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Actus reus = D enters a building or part of a building as a trespasser}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
AR: D {\bf{enters}} & Entry is satisfied when {\bf{any part of a person's body}} enters (part of) a building. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
AR: {\bf{building}} or part of a building & Building includes an {\bf{inhabited vehicle or vessel}}, whether the person living there is present or not. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & A structure of {\bf{considerable size}} and intended to be {\bf{permanent}} or stay for a {\bf{considerable time}}. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The {\bf{degree of permanence}} is relevant. \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Where D enters a building lawfully and then goes into an area bounded off, this may still amount to {\bf{part of a building}}. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 7)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
AR: as a {\bf{trespasser}} & Entering {\bf{without consent}} or {\bf{in excess of authority}}. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{S 9(1)(a) Burglary (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Where D {\bf{enters with consent}} but later exceeds the consent, there can be {\bf{no conviction}} for burglary. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Where D {\bf{enters against or in excess of consent given}}, they will be a {\bf{trespasser}}. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Mens rea = D enters knowing or being reckless that the entry was a trespass and intends to commit an ulterior offence at the time of entry.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
MR: enters {\bf{knowing or being reckless}} that the entry was a {\bf{trespass}} & It need not be proved that D knew in law that they were a trespasser. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & D merely has to know or be reckless as to facts which make them a trespasser \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 4)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
MR: intends to commit one of the ulterior offences contained in {\bf{s 9(2) TA 1968}} at the {\bf{time of entry}} & Upon entry, D must intend to:\{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{steal}} from (part of) the building;\{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{inflict GBH}} on any person in (part of) the building; and/or\{\{nl\}\}-unlawfully {\bf{damage}} (part of) the building or anything in it. \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 11)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{S 9(1)(a) Burglary (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}.....................} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{If D's intention is simply to {\bf{have a look}} inside the property and {\bf{only steal}} anything that is {\bf{worth stealing}}, this conditional intention will count as an intention.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}The maximum sentence for burglary is {\bf{14 years}} where the building is a dwelling and {\bf{10 years}} in any other case.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{3.9721 cm} x{13.2979 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{S 9(1)(b) Burglary}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
D must have: & {\bf{entered}} (part of) a {\bf{building}} as a trespasser, knowing or being reckless as to entry as a trespasser \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
D must have: & - {\bf{stolen}} something from (part of) the building \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & - {\bf{attempted to steal}} something from (part of) the building \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & - {\bf{inflicted GBH}} on any person \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & - {\bf{attempted to inflict GBH}} on any person \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{A s 9(1)(b) burglary requires that {\bf{once inside}} (part of) the building, having entered as a {\bf{trespasser}}, D goes on to {\bf{commit theft or GBH}} or {\bf{attempts}} to commit these offences.} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{The burglary is committed {\bf{at the time}} of the commission or attempted commission of {\bf{the offence}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{The {\bf{full AR}} for theft/attempted theft/offences involving GBH are required.} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Arguably, {\bf{no offence and thus no MR is needed}} in relation to the infliction of GBH (though this is current law).} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}The maximum sentence for burglary is {\bf{14 years}} where the building is a dwelling and {\bf{10 years}} in any other case.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Robbery}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Actus reus = Theft involving force on any person immediately before or at the time of stealing}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
AR: {\bf{Theft}} & Robbery is a aggravated form of theft: {\bf{no theft, no robbery}}. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
AR: {\bf{Force}} or threat of force & Force does {\bf{not}} require violence and can be applied {\bf{through property}}. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Force does {\bf{not}} need to be applied: it is enough to {\bf{put V in fear}} of being {\bf{then and there}} subjected to force. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Even if V is {\bf{not aware}} they are being threatened with force, D can be liable if they {\bf{intended to make V believe}} that they will be then and there subjected to force. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 9)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
AR: on any {\bf{person}} & The threat need {\bf{not}} be directed towards the person from whom the property is stolen, but the (threat of) force {\bf{must}} be used on a person in being. \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Robbery (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
AR: immediately {\bf{before}} or {\bf{at the time}} of stealing & Difficulties with this element may arise if force occurs after the theft has {\bf{technically}} been committed. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The appropriation may be {\bf{treated as a continuous act}}. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Mens rea = Act with the MR of theft and intend to use force in order to steal.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
MR: & Where an {\bf{ITPD}} is formed at a later point in time than force is used, there is {\bf{no theft}} at the time {\bf{force}} is used and so it {\bf{cannot}} be a robbery. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Legal Causation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{The law requires that D is the {\bf{operating and substantial cause}} of the prohibited consequence - R v Pagett} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{D's act must be the {\bf{substantial cause}} - R v Hughes} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{The consequence must have been {\bf{caused by D's culpable act}} - R v Dalloway} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{D's act {\bf{need not be the only cause}} of the prohibited consequence - R v Benge} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Legal Causation - Medical Negligence}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Negligence would need to be so {\bf{overwhelming}} as to make the {\bf{original act merely part of history}} - R v Smith} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Negligent treatment would need to be so {\bf{independent}} of D's acts and so {\bf{potent}} in causing the consequence that {\bf{D's contribution becomes insignificant}} - R v Cheshire} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Courts are {\bf{reluctant}} to allow medical malpractice to break the chain of causation} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Legal Causation - Acts of Third Party}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{There may only be a break in causation if the actions of the third party were {\bf{free, deliberate and informed}} - R v Pagett.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{6.5626 cm} x{10.7074 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Coincidence of AR and MR}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{D must have the relevant MR for the offence at the precise moment when D commits the AR.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Continuing act theory & D can be guilty of an offence if they form the MR for the offence at some point during the AR continuing. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
One transaction principle & D's actions may be categorised as a series of acts, making up one transaction and it may be enough for D to have the MR at some time during that transaction. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The transaction can continue for as long as D tries to cover up the crime they believed they had committed. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Transferred malice & Operates to allow the MR against the intended victim to be transferred and joined with the AR that causes the prohibited harm to the actual victim. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 7)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Cannot operate where D has the MR for one crime but commits the AR for another. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{6.5626 cm} x{10.7074 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Coincidence of AR and MR (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Mistake & If D does not know they are breaking the law, this mistake will not help avoid liability, even if it were impossible for D to know. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & D may make a mistake of fact or civil law which can mean that the MR of the offence is not fulfilled and will escape criminal liability as a result. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 7)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & If the MR required for the relevant element of the AR is intention or recklessness, there is no need for the mistake to be reasonable. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 6)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & If the MR requirement is negligence, then the mistake must be reasonable. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{6.7353 cm} x{10.5347 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Murder}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Actus reus = unlawful; killing; human being; King's peace.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
AR: unlawful & Killing it lawful in {\bf{war}}, the advancement of justice ({\bf{death penalty}}), and {\bf{self-defence}}. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
AR: killing & {\bf{Factual and legal causation}} must be satisfied to show D caused V's death. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
AR: human being & A person is 'in being' when born {\bf{alive and capable of independent life}}. Any child must be fully expelled from the mother's body and born alive to be 'in being'. It is not necessary for the umbilical cord to be cut. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 10)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
AR: under the King's peace & Where D is {\bf{British}}, they can be tried for murder {\bf{wherever}} committed. Where D is {\bf{not British}}, they can be tried for murders committed within {\bf{England and Wales}}. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 8)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Mens rea = intention to kill or cause grievous bodily harm (serious harm).}}} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{6.7353 cm} x{10.5347 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Murder (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
MR: & Mercy killing is no defence - R v Inglis. \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
MR: & Motive is not the same as intention but can be used as evidence of intention. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
MR: & Where D's aim or purpose is {\bf{not}} death or GBH, juries cannot find oblique intention unless:\{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{death or serious injury}} was a {\bf{virtual certainty}} as a result of D's action (objective); and\{\{nl\}\}- D appreciated that (subjective). \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 10)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Special Defence: Diminished Responsibility}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Diminished responsibility is a {\bf{partial defence}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{If successful, D is not acquitted but convicted of voluntary manslaughter.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{The defence must prove on BoP that D was acting under diminished responsibility} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{4 key aspects to diminished responsibility}}:} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
1. {\bf{abnormality}} of mental functioning & a state of mind so different from that of ordinary humans that the reasonable man would term it abnormal. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 6)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
2. recognised {\bf{medical condition}} & the abnormality must be {\bf{caused}} by the recognised medical condition. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & it is not enough to be suffering from abnormal mental function and have a recognised condition, or to have acted due to hatred, jealousy or bad temper \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 8)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & alcohol dependency syndrome is a recognised medical condition \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Special Defence: Diminished Responsibility (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
3. {\bf{substantial impairment}} of D's ability to do one or more things & substantial = more than merely trivial \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & impairment = inability to understand the {\bf{nature of their conduct}}; form a {\bf{rational judgment}}; or exercise {\bf{self-control}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 7)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & whether D's ability is impaired is a question of fact \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
4. provides an {\bf{explanation}} for D's acts and omissions & a causal link between the abnormality of mental functioning arising from a recognised medical condition and the killing is needed \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 7)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & the abnormality need not be the only cause \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Unlawful Act Manslaughter}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}D lacks the MR for murder but kills someone in the course of committing a criminal act.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{The prosecution must prove 4 elements}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
1. D {\bf{intentionally}} (voluntarily) did an act & D must have intended to do the act (which resulted in the death of V) \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
2. the act was {\bf{unlawful}} & It must be a {\bf{criminal}} act; an {\bf{intrinsically unlawful}} act; and an {\bf{act rather than an omission}}. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The AR and the MR of the criminal act must be proven \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Where reasonable force is used in acting in self-defence or to prevent a crime, there is no unlawful act. \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 6)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The act cannot be a lawful act which becomes unlawful due to negligent or reckless performance, e.g. driving. \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 6)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
3. the act was {\bf{dangerous}} & Whether the act was dangerous is {\bf{objective}} based on what the {\bf{sober and reasonable}} person would appreciate. \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Unlawful Act Manslaughter (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The sober and reasonable person knows everything they would have known had they been in D's shoes at the time of the offence. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The person has any special knowledge that D has/ought to have known \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The type of harm must be physical and not emotional. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Being reasonable, the person does not make any unreasonable mistakes made by D. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & D could become liable if they become aware of a fact during the offence which would make the act dangerous. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 6)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
4. the act {\bf{caused the death}} of V. & D must have {\bf{factually and legally}} caused the death of V. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Where D administers a drug to V, D has caused V's death even where V consents to the injection. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Unlawful Act Manslaughter (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Where V is aware of what they are taking and D does not inject V, the supplier of drugs is not the cause. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.2534 cm} x{10.0166 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Basic Criminal Damage}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}The maximum sentence is 10 years' imprisonment.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Actus reus = destroy or damage; property; belonging to another; without lawful excuse}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
AR: {\bf{destroy}} or {\bf{damage}} & Destroy = property {\bf{ceases to exist}}. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Damage embraces {\bf{injury, mischief or harm}} done to property. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & It is relevant if {\bf{time, effort and/or money}} is spent restoring the property to its original state. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Damage is not only {\bf{permanent/temporary physical harm}} but also {\bf{permanent/temporary impairment of value/usefulness}}. \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 6)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
AR: {\bf{property}} & Anything of a {\bf{tangible}} nature whether real or personal. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Includes {\bf{money}}, {\bf{wild creatures}} that have been {\bf{tamed}} or live in {\bf{captivity}}. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 4)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Does {\bf{not}} include {\bf{wild mushrooms}}, {\bf{wild flowers, fruit or foliage}}. \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.2534 cm} x{10.0166 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Basic Criminal Damage (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Information}} is not classed as property. \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
AR: {\bf{belonging}} to another & A person has {\bf{control}} or {\bf{custody}} of it. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & A person has a {\bf{proprietary right}} or interest in it. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
 & A person takes {\bf{charge}} of it. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Property can belong to {\bf{more than one person}}. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
 & If a property is {\bf{mortgaged}} it belongs to the {\bf{bank or mortgage company}}. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Mens Rea = the intention or recklessness as to the destruction or damage of property belonging to another}}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
MR: {\bf{intention}} & At the time D carried out the AR, it was D's {\bf{aim or purpose}} to destroy/damage property belonging to another. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 5)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & It is {\bf{insufficient}} that D does an act that damages property. D must have {\bf{known}} or been {\bf{reckless}} to whether the property {\bf{belonged to another}} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.2534 cm} x{10.0166 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Basic Criminal Damage (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
MR: {\bf{recklessness}} & The prosecution must prove that:\{\{nl\}\}1. At the time of committing the AR, D was {\bf{subjectively}} aware of a {\bf{risk}}; and\{\{nl\}\}2. In the circumstances known to D, it was {\bf{objectively unreasonable}} for D to take that risk. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}................} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Basic Arson}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Arson is criminal damage by fire.} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{It is charged under s1(1) and 1(3) CDA 1971.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{The AR and MR instead refer to {\bf{destruction or damage by fire}}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fraud: Abuse of Position}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Actus reus = occupation of a position and abuse of that position}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
AR: {\bf{occupying a position}} & The position {\bf{must}} be one requiring D to {\bf{look after V's financial well-being}}. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & E.g. \seqsplit{trustee/beneficiary;} director/company; professional person/client; agent/principal; employee/employer; between partners; within a family. \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 8)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Where there is no {\bf{fiduciary duty}} between the parties, an {\bf{obligation akin to a fiduciary duty}} must be proved. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & This is an {\bf{objective test}} based on the position of the {\bf{reasonable person}} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
AR: an {\bf{abuse of position}} & Abuse can be defined as {\bf{uses incorrectly}} or {\bf{puts to improper use}} their position in a manner that is contrary to the {\bf{expectation}} that arises because of that position. \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fraud: Abuse of Position (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & An abuse of position can be committed by an {\bf{omission}} as well as by an act\{\{nl\}\}e.g. where an employee who has a duty to collect payment on behalf of their employer fails to do so. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Mens rea = dishonesty; intention to make a gain/cause a loss.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
MR: {\bf{dishonesty}} & What was {\bf{D's knowledge and belief}} as to the facts?\{\{nl\}\}Given that knowledge and those beliefs, was D dishonest by the {\emph{*standards of ordinary decent people}}? \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 9)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
MR: intention to {\bf{make a gain/cause a loss}} & D must {\bf{intend}} to obtain something. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Gain \& loss extend {\bf{only}} to gains/losses in {\bf{money or other property}}. \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 4)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Property may be {\bf{real or personal}} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fraud: Abuse of Position (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Gains/losses may be {\bf{temporary or permanent}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Gain includes {\bf{keeping what one has}} or {\bf{getting what one doesn't have}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Loss includes {\bf{not getting what one might get}} or {\bf{parting with what one has}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Extends to gains made for {\bf{D or another}}; {\bf{causing another a loss}}, exposing someone to a {\bf{risk of loss}}. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 6)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & A false representation made to get a {\bf{job}} could be an intention to make a {\bf{monetary gain}}. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 5)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Where an employee fails to collect sums owed to their employer, due to laziness (rather than assisting the person who should be paying or punishing their employer), there would be an {\bf{oblique intention}} to make a gain for another and cause a loss to their employer. \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 14)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fraud: False Representation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Actus reus = an express or implied representation as to fact, law or state of mind which is untrue or misleading.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
AR: {\bf{express or implied}} representation & An {\bf{implied}} representation can arise from what D {\bf{says}} or D's {\bf{conduct}}. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & E.g. stating something 'may not be correct' implies you are not certain; ordering and eating a meal implies you have the means to pay. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Pure {\bf{silence}} without an accompanying action {\bf{cannot}} amount to a representation. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
AR: {\bf{fact, law or state of mind}} & A representation to fact or law is relatively straightforward. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & A {\bf{state of mind}} refers to {\bf{D or another's belief/opinion.}} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
AR: {\bf{untrue or misleading}} & This is a question of {\bf{fact}}. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & A representation as to D or another's{\bf{state of mind}} may be untrue where D does {\bf{not}} in fact hold that opinion/belief. \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fraud: False Representation (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & If D is in a {\bf{better position}} to express a {\bf{belief/opinion}} than the other party, this may amount to an untrue/misleading representation. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & If D {\bf{states an intention}} to do something when they have {\bf{no such intention}}, this may be untrue/misleading. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 6)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & It may be untrue/misleading where D takes {\bf{dishonest advantage}} of V by representing as a {\bf{fair charge}} a sum which D (but {\bf{not}} V) knows to be {\bf{dishonestly excessive}} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 9)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & D may be untrue to a {\bf{machine}} if they use a bank card to mislead the machine into believing they are {\bf{entitled to withdraw funds}}. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fraud: False Representation (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Mens rea = dishonesty; knowledge or awareness that the representation is untrue/misleading; intention to make a gain/cause a loss.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
MR: {\bf{dishonesty}} & What was {\bf{D's knowledge and belief}} as to the facts?\{\{nl\}\}Given that knowledge and those beliefs, was D dishonest by the {\emph{*standards of ordinary decent people}}? \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 9)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
MR: {\bf{knowledge or awareness}} that the statement is untrue/misleading & D must be {\bf{subjectively aware of the possibility}} that what they are saying/implying is false. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 5)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
 & D can be {\bf{reckless}} as to this knowledge/awareness but {\bf{only}} there must be an {\bf{indifference}} to or {\bf{disregard}} of whether the statement is true or false. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 9)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & If D gives a {\bf{clear caveat}}, they do {\bf{not}} make a false statement. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fraud: False Representation (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
MR: intention to {\bf{make a gain/cause a loss}} & D must {\bf{intend}} to obtain something. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Gain \& loss extend {\bf{only}} to gains/losses in {\bf{money or other property}}. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Property may be {\bf{real or personal}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Gains/losses may be {\bf{temporary or permanent}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Gain includes {\bf{keeping what one has}} or {\bf{getting what one doesn't have}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Loss includes {\bf{not getting what one might get}} or {\bf{parting with what one has}} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 5)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Extends to gains made for {\bf{D or another}}; {\bf{causing another a loss}}, exposing someone to a {\bf{risk of loss}}. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 6)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
 & A false representation made to get a {\bf{job}} could be an intention to make a {\bf{monetary gain}}. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fraud: Failure to Disclose}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Actus reus = the existence of a legal duty to disclose and a failure to disclose.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
AR: {\bf{existence of a legal duty to disclose}} & A duty to disclose may arise:\{\{nl\}\}- from {\bf{statute}}\{\{nl\}\}- within a {\bf{transaction}} of the utmost good faith\{\{nl\}\}- in the express or implied terms of a {\bf{contract}}\{\{nl\}\}- from a {\bf{custom}} in a particular {\bf{trade or market}}\{\{nl\}\}- from a {\bf{fiduciary relationship}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 14)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
AR: {\bf{failure to disclose}} & This is a question of {\bf{fact}}. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The {\bf{prosecution}} must prove D {\bf{failed to disclose}} necessary information to another person. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Mens rea = dishonesty; intention to make a gain/cause a loss.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
MR: {\bf{dishonesty}} & What was {\bf{D's knowledge and belief}} as to the facts?\{\{nl\}\}Given that knowledge and those beliefs, was D dishonest by the {\emph{*standards of ordinary decent people}}? \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fraud: Failure to Disclose (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
MR: intention to {\bf{make a gain/cause a loss}} & D must {\bf{intend}} to obtain something. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Gain \& loss extend {\bf{only}} to gains/losses in {\bf{money or other property}}. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Property may be {\bf{real or personal}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Gains/losses may be {\bf{temporary or permanent}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Gain includes {\bf{keeping what one has}} or {\bf{getting what one doesn't have}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Loss includes {\bf{not getting what one might get}} or {\bf{parting with what one has}} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 5)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Extends to gains made for {\bf{D or another}}; {\bf{causing another a loss}}, exposing someone to a {\bf{risk of loss}}. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 6)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
 & A false representation made to get a {\bf{job}} could be an intention to make a {\bf{monetary gain}}. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{3.8801 cm} x{6.5793 cm} x{6.4106 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Parties to a Crime}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Principal}} \seqsplit{offenders:} & The principal is the person who commits the AR with the MR. &  \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & There can be {\bf{more than one}} principal. &  \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & A person can still be {\bf{guilty}} as a {\bf{principal}} even if {\bf{another person}} performs the AR.\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}A person may be an {\bf{innocent agent}} where they are {\bf{under the criminal age}} or are {\bf{deceived}} as to what they are doing. &  \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 16)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Secondary parties}}: & \{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Actus reus:}} &  \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & A person can be liable as an accessory in {\bf{5 ways}}: &  \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{3.8801 cm} x{6.5793 cm} x{6.4106 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Parties to a Crime (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Aid: & {\bf{help, support or assist}} before the crime\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{no causal link}} is necessary \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Abet: & {\bf{encouraging}} at the time of the offence\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}presence at the crime scene is {\bf{not}} enough\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}D will abet if they have a duty to control the actions of others and does not: {\bf{positive encouragement}}\{\{nl\}\}e.g. parent; pub owner; car owner; employer.\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{no causal link}} is necessary \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 21)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Counsel: & giving {\bf{advice}} or {\bf{encouragement before}} the commission of the offence\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{no causal link}} is necessary \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{3.8801 cm} x{6.5793 cm} x{6.4106 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Parties to a Crime (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Joint enterprise: & If crime B is committed {\bf{in the course of}} or is {\bf{incidental}} to crime A, party B will be accessorily liable for any offences party A commits, and vice versa \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Mens rea: an intention to aid or encourage}} &  \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & D must: & - {\bf{intend}} to do the act which \seqsplit{aids/encourages;} and\{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{intend}} for it to aid or encourage the commission of the crime. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 9)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & D {\bf{need not}} have a positive intent that the crime be committed. &  \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 5)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & It is sufficient that D intended their act might assist in the crime, even if it cannot be said it definitely will do. &  \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{3.8801 cm} x{6.5793 cm} x{6.4106 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Parties to a Crime (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Mens rea: an intention that P will commit the crime with the necessary MR}} &  \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Conditional intention: & It is enough that D has {\bf{conditional intent}} that P will commit a crime with the necessary MR.\{\{nl\}\}e.g. If D gives P a gun for a burglary intending P to use it only if they are disturbed.\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}If D is {\bf{dismayed}} P has commited the crime, {\bf{only oblique intention}} will suffice. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 20)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Mens rea: knowledge of the facts or circumstances}} &  \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{3.8801 cm} x{6.5793 cm} x{6.4106 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Parties to a Crime (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & If the offence requires lack of consent, D must know that V does not consent, for example. &  \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
 & A D who {\bf{deliberately shuts their eyes}} to the obvious will be deemed to have {\bf{knowledge}}. &  \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 7)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & D need not know the {\bf{exact details}} of the crime to be committed. &  \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 5)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
 & D need not know the {\bf{identity}} of V or the {\bf{day}} the crime will be committed. &  \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 6)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & It is enough for D to know enough to know that P may commit {\bf{any one of a number of crimes including the actual crime}}. &  \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{3.8801 cm} x{6.5793 cm} x{6.4106 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Parties to a Crime (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Withdrawal}} &  \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
 & D must {\bf{communicate to P}} or a {\bf{law enforcement agency}} to withdraw as a party. &  \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 6)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Withdrawal {\bf{must}} take place {\bf{before the act of assistance}}. &  \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Communication of D's withdrawal is {\bf{not}} necessarily needed when any violence of the other party is {\bf{spontaneous}} or effectively part of a {\bf{new attack}}. &  \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 11)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}It is {\bf{not}} an offence to {\bf{attempt}} to aid, abet, counsel or procure an offence.} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}It {\bf{is}} an offence to aid, abet, counsel or procure an {\bf{attempted}} offence.} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}It is possible for D to be convicted but P to be acquitted if {\bf{P has a defence}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.1169 cm} x{9.1531 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Attempts / Inchoate Offences}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Actus reus = An act which is more than merely preparatory to the commission of an offence.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
AR: {\bf{more than merely preparatory}} & This is a question of {\bf{fact}}. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Merely preparatory (not an attempt):\{\{nl\}\}- Being outside a post office with a threatening note and fake gun.\{\{nl\}\}- Being in school toilets with a knife and rope but no schoolchildren. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 9)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & More than merely preparatory (an attempt):\{\{nl\}\}- Getting into a car with a loaded gun and pointing it at the victim.\{\{nl\}\}- Looking at a padlock with cutting equipment in the hedge. \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 9)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Mens rea = An intention to commit the full offence.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
MR: {\bf{intention}} & An intention to cause GBH is {\bf{not}} enough for {\bf{attempted murder}}. \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & If the offence has MR of either {\bf{intention or recklessness}} as to the AR, proof of {\bf{intention only}} is required. \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.1169 cm} x{9.1531 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Attempts / Inchoate Offences (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Conditional}} or {\bf{oblique}} intent counts as an intention. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Where the MR does {\bf{not}} relate to the AR in any way, {\bf{recklessness is sufficient}} - e.g. aggravated criminal damage. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 6)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}.....................} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Impossibility}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Non-existent crimes}} & D cannot be convicted for a lawful act even if they believe it to be unlawful. \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Inadequacy}} & Where the crime is perfectly feasible but D adopts or seeks to adopt a method that cannot work, D can still be convicted of an {\bf{attempted offence}}. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 8)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Impossibility}} & Impossibility is {\bf{no longer}} a defence to attempt. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 3)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
 & E.g. If D stabs V but V is already dead, D {\bf{will}} be liable for attempted murder. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.7715 cm} x{9.4985 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Defences: Self-Defence}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Self-defence can operate where D acts to protect {\bf{themselves}}, {\bf{someone else}}, {\bf{property}}, {\bf{prevent a crime}} or {\bf{assist in the arrest}} of an offender.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{If successful, self-defence results in an {\bf{acquittal}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
D can rely on self-defence where: & D {\bf{honestly believed}} the use of force was {\bf{necessary}} ('the {\bf{trigger}}'); and\{\{nl\}\}the level of force D used in response was {\bf{objectively reasonable}} in the circumstances as D believed them to be ('the {\bf{response}}'). \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 11)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{It is for the {\bf{prosecution}} to {\bf{disprove}} that D acted in self-defence.} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}.....................} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} {\bf{The trigger: D believed the use of force was necessary.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{D is to be judged on the facts as they {\bf{subjectively believed}} them to be, whether the belief is {\bf{reasonable or not}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{D cannot rely on a {\bf{drunken mistake}}in belief that force was necessary.} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{There is {\bf{no duty}} for D to retreat, though the fact that D had the opportunity to retreat may be a relevant factor.} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.7715 cm} x{9.4985 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Defences: Self-Defence (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{D may {\bf{act first}} in anticipation and {\bf{still rely}} on the defence.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Self-defence {\bf{can}} be relied upon by the {\bf{original aggressor}} where the original V's violence is {\bf{so out of proportion}} that roles are {\bf{effectively reversed}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{D can rely on self-defence where the force used was against an {\bf{innocent third party}} in order to prevent a crime being committed by another.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}.....................} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{The response: the level of force was objectively reasonable in circumstances as D believed them to be.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{What is {\bf{reasonable}} depends on whether it is a {\bf{householder}} or {\bf{non-householder}} case.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Householder}} cases: & D is a householder if:\{\{nl\}\}- they are {\bf{protecting themself or another}}\{\{nl\}\}- they use force while in (part of) a {\bf{building}}\{\{nl\}\}- they are {\bf{not}} a trespasser; and\{\{nl\}\}- they believed V to be in, or entering, (part of) the building as a {\bf{trespasser}}. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 12)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Was the force used {\bf{grossly disproportionate}} in the circumstances as D believed them to be?\{\{nl\}\}- If {\bf{yes}}, {\bf{no defence}}.\{\{nl\}\}- If {\bf{no}}, was the level of force {\bf{reasonable}}? \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.7715 cm} x{9.4985 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Defences: Self-Defence (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & A degree of force that goes {\bf{over the top}} would be grossly disproportionate. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Non-householder}} cases: & Force will {\bf{not}} be reasonable if it was {\bf{disproportionate}}. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & D must be judged in accordance with their {\bf{honest belief}} and any {\bf{danger}} they believed themselves to be in. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 6)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
 & D may have acted in the {\bf{heat of the moment}} which is reasonable. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & D is {\bf{more likely}} to have acted reasonably where they have done only what they {\bf{honestly and instinctively}} thought was necessary. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 7)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
 & If D has gone {\bf{beyond}} what was enough to defend themselves, to a {\bf{"revenge"}} category, it is likely to be {\bf{unreasonable}}. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.7715 cm} x{9.4985 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Defences: Self-Defence (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Psychiatric evidence}} of PTSD may substantiate mistaken beliefs rendering any force objectively reasonable given D's subjective beliefs. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Defences: Consent}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}It is for the {\bf{prosecution}} to prove that (1) V did not consent and (2) D did not believe in V's consent.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}Whether the defence of consent is available will depend on the {\bf{level of harm}} inflicted on V and the {\bf{circumstances}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}.....................} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}Is the offence {\bf{more than}} assault/battery?} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{ac\}\}If {\bf{yes}}, did D intend to cause ABH+? & \{\{ac\}\}If {\bf{no}}, consent is available if:\{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{V consented}}; or\{\{nl\}\}- D {\bf{honestly believed}} that V was consenting. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 7)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{ac\}\}If {\bf{yes}}, consent is {\bf{not}} available.\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}If {\bf{no}} and D did {\bf{not}} see the risk, consent {\bf{is available}}.\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}If {\bf{no}} and D was {\bf{reckless}}, consent may only be available where {\bf{an exception}} applies. & \{\{ac\}\}\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 12)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Exceptions}}} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{V can consent to offences against the person of ABH+ if the situation falls under one of the {\bf{public interest exceptions}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Defences: Consent (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Medical treatment}} & Consent can be given for {\bf{surgery}} and other {\bf{medical treatment}} that causes harm, and to a {\bf{high risk of death}}. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Sport}} & Any {\bf{incidental injury}} caused while playing within the rules of a game will {\bf{not}} be an offence. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 6)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The {\bf{type}} of sport, {\bf{level}} at which it is played, the {\bf{nature}} of the act, the {\bf{degree of force}} used, the {\bf{extent of the risk}} of injury and {\bf{D's state of mind}} should all be considered in deciding if an incident is {\bf{sufficiently grave}} as to not be consented to. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 14)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Players impliedly consent to force of a kind that could be {\bf{reasonably expected}} to happen within that sport. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Defences: Consent (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Horseplay}} & There is a level of consent to injuries sustained through {\bf{rough and undisciplined}} horseplay. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Tattooing, body piercing and personal adornment}} & These lawful activities are consensual. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Body modification}} is {\bf{not}} an exception. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{STDs}} & It is possible to consent to a {\bf{risk}} of contracting an STD but it is {\bf{not}} possible to consent to {\bf{deliberate infection}}. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 7)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Sadomasochistic activity}} & Where D {\bf{intends}} harm and/or {\bf{sees a risk}} of causing harm in performing any sadomasochistic activity, there will be {\bf{no}} exception. \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 7)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Where D did {\bf{not}} intend, nor did they see any risk of causing any harm during sadomasochistic activity, consent is {\bf{available}}. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.4623 cm} x{8.8077 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Defences: Intoxication}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Involuntary intoxication}}: & Did D see the risk despite being intoxicated? \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & D may have been {\bf{forced to consume alcohol/drugs}} or was {\bf{deceived}} into doing so. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Where D is {\bf{aware}} that they are drinking alcohol but is {\bf{mistaken}} as to the {\bf{strength}} of the alcohol, this will {\bf{not}} be involuntary intoxication. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 8)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & For involuntary intoxication, the defence may be available for {\bf{any offence}}. \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Voluntary intoxication}}: & Would D have seen the risk if sober? \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Voluntary intoxication is {\bf{not a defence}} to basic intent charges (i.e. crimes of recklessness). \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 5)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}...................} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Intoxication and other defences}}} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Self-defence}} & If D makes a {\bf{drunken mistake}} as to the need to use self-defence, they {\bf{cannot}} rely on that mistake. \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.4623 cm} x{8.8077 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Defences: Intoxication (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Loss of control}} (special) & Did D lose self-control? \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Did D act due to the fear/anger qualifying trigger?\{\{nl\}\}- D's drug/alcohol addiction can be considered in assessing the {\bf{magnitude}} of the qualifying anger trigger if D was {\bf{taunted}} about the addiction. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 11)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Normal person test\{\{nl\}\}- An intoxicated person is {\bf{not prevented}} from using the defence.\{\{nl\}\}- If D is addicted to drugs or alcohol this will be a {\bf{characteristic}} given to the normal person, but the normal person will still have normal levels of tolerance and self-restraint and be {\bf{sober}}.. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 16)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Diminished responsibility}} (special) & D cannot rely on voluntary intoxication on its own. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.4623 cm} x{8.8077 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Defences: Intoxication (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & If D has an AMF and is voluntarily intoxicated, then AMF {\bf{must}}:\{\{nl\}\}- arise from a recognised medical condition.\{\{nl\}\}- have substantially impaired D's ability to do one of the things in s 2(1A) HA 1957.\{\{nl\}\}- provide an explanation for D's conduct (even if alcohol is another cause). \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 15)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
 & If D's AMF arises from {\bf{alcohol dependency syndrome (ADS)}}:\{\{nl\}\}- the extent and severity of the ADS causing the AMF should be considered.\{\{nl\}\}- ADS must have substantially impaired D's ability to do one of the things in S 2(1A).\{\{nl\}\}- ADS must provide an explanation for D's conduct, even if it is not the only cause.conduct, \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 17)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.4623 cm} x{8.8077 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Defences: Intoxication (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Consent}} & The just must be directed to consider where D {\bf{believed}} that V consented, even if D {\bf{wrongly believed due to intoxication}}. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
 & If the jury are satisfied that V consented to D's accidental action, this is a defence. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} For murder charges, the MR will ask 'did D form the MR of intention to kill or cause GBH even though intoxication?'. A {\bf{drunken intent is still intent}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} Where a defence allows for {\bf{honest belief}}, D can use the defence even if their belief is due to intoxication; the test is {\bf{subjective}} and {\bf{not}} based on {\bf{reasonableness}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Defences: Intoxication (Diagram)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{17.67cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.6629 cm} x{12.6071 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{S 18 OAPA 1861}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Actus reus = wound or causing GBH.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
AR: {\bf{wound}} & Follows the same meaning as in S 20 OAPA 1861. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
AR: {\bf{causing}} & {\bf{Legal and factual causation}} must be satisfied. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
AR: {\bf{GBH}} & Follows the same meaning as in S 20 OAPA 1861. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Mens rea = intention to cause GBH.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
MR: & D must actually {\bf{intend}} to cause {\bf{serious harm}}. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Recklessness is {\bf{not}} enough. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Where the AR is a {\bf{wound}}, the MR is still the {\bf{intention to cause GBH}}; intention to wound is {\bf{not}} enough. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Intention can be {\bf{direct}} or {\bf{oblique}}. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.3537 cm} x{11.9163 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{S 20 OAPA 1861}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Actus reus = wound or infliction of grievous bodily harm.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
AR: {\bf{wound}} & For a wound, there must be a {\bf{break}} in the continuity of {\bf{both layers}} of the skin. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The actual injury {\bf{need not be severe}}; any breaking of the skin will suffice. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
AR: {\bf{infliction}} & Infliction means to {\bf{cause}}, so {\bf{legal and factual causation}} need be satisfied. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Infliction does {\bf{not}} require assault; psychological harm will suffice. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
AR: {\bf{GBH}} & GBH means {\bf{serious harm}}. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Psychiatric injury}} may amount to GBH if {\bf{sufficiently serious}} as proved by {\bf{expert evidence}}. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & When considering if injuries are {\bf{grievous}}, the {\bf{effect}} of the injuries on V and the {\bf{totality}} of the injuries should be considered. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 6)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Mens rea = D must intend or be reckless to the causing of some harm}}} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
MR: & It is enough for D to foresee that {\bf{some harm}} to {\bf{some person}} might result. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{6.7353 cm} x{10.5347 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{S 47 OAPA 1861}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Actus reus = assault occasioning actual bodily harm}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
AR: {\bf{assault}} & An assault means either an {\bf{assault}} or a {\bf{battery}}. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The {\bf{AR and MR}} of either assault or battery {\bf{must}} be satisfied. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
AR: {\bf{occasioning}} & The assault/battery must {\bf{result in actual bodily harm}} being caused to V. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Factual and legal}} causation must be established. \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & This offence can be committed through an {\bf{omission}} where D has a {\bf{legal duty}} to act. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
AR: {\bf{actual bodily harm}} & Any {\bf{hurt or injury}} that interferes with V's {\bf{health or comfort}}. \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Hurt need {\bf{not}} be {\bf{serious or permanent}}. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The injury should {\bf{not}} be so {\bf{trivial}} as to be wholly insignificant. \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 4)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & A {\bf{momentary loss of consciousness}} is ABH; it involves an {\bf{injurious impairment of V's sensory functions}}. \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{6.7353 cm} x{10.5347 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{S 47 OAPA 1861 (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Cutting off hair}} constitutes ABH. \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & ABH includes {\bf{psychiatric injury}} but {\bf{not}} mere emotions. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Mens rea = No MR is required for S 47, only the MR for the assault or battery.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.5264 cm} x{11.7436 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Battery}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Actus reus = the application of unlawful force on another}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
AR: {\bf{application}} & Battery can be inflicted {\bf{directly}}, {\bf{indirectly}} or by an {\bf{omission}}. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
AR: {\bf{unlawful}} & The battery {\bf{cannot}} be done in {\bf{self-defence}} or with {\bf{V's consent}}. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Consent can be {\bf{express}} or {\bf{implied consent}} to inevitable everyday contact. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & D's actions will be unlawful where they go {\bf{beyond implied consent}}. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
AR: {\bf{force}} & Force means the {\bf{merest of touch}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Force does {\bf{not}} have to be {\bf{rude, hostile or aggressive}}. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Touching someone's {\bf{clothes}} is enough. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & An {\bf{omission}} can constitute force (e.g. by creating a danger which D fails to avert) \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 4)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Indirect force = e.g. D digs a pit which V then falls into. \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Mens rea = intention or recklessness as to applying unlawful force on another person}}} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.5264 cm} x{11.7436 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Battery (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
MR: {\bf{intention}} & D intended to commit battery if it was their {\bf{aim or purpose}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
MR: {\bf{reckless}} & D is reckless to an assault if they:\{\{nl\}\} - see a {\bf{risk}} that their actions will cause unlawful force upon V (subjective); and\{\{nl\}\} - in the circumstances known to D, it was {\bf{unreasonable}} to take that risk (objective). \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{6.5626 cm} x{10.7074 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Assault}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Actus reus = causing V to apprehend immediate and unlawful personal violence}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
AR: {\bf{apprehension}} & D must make V {\bf{expect or anticipate}} but {\bf{not necessarily fear}} immediate and unlawful personal violence. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & D must cause V to believe D {\bf{can and will}} carry out the threat of force. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Words}} alone and {\bf{silence}} is enough - {\emph{R v Ireland}}. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Words can {\bf{negate}} an assault - {\emph{Tuberville v Savage}}. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
AR: {\bf{immediate}} & Immediate does {\bf{not}} mean instantaneous but {\bf{some time not excluding the immediate future}} or {\bf{imminent}}. \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 5)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
AR: {\bf{unlawful}} & The expectation of personal violence cannot be as a result of {\bf{self-defence}} or {\bf{V's consent}}. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 5)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
AR: {\bf{personal violence}} & All V has to anticipate is an {\bf{unwanted touch}}. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{6.5626 cm} x{10.7074 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Assault (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & V must apprehend {\bf{physical}} violence, {\bf{not phycological}}. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Mens rea = D must intend or be reckless as to causing V to apprehend immediate unlawful personal violence}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
MR: {\bf{intention}} & D intends an assault if it was their {\bf{aim of purpose}}. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
MR: {\bf{reckless}} & D is reckless to an assault if they:\{\{nl\}\}- see a {\bf{risk}} that their actions will cause V to apprehend immediate and unlawful personal violence (subjective); and\{\{nl\}\}- in the circumstances known to D, it was {\bf{unreasonable}} to take that risk (objective). \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 11)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.0807 cm} x{10.1893 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Aggravated Burglary}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{D commits aggravated burglary where D commits burglary and at the time has any firearm or imitation firearm, any weapon of offence or any explosive.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}The maximum sentence is {\bf{life imprisonment}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Firearm}} includes: & - {\bf{airgun}}\{\{nl\}\}- air {\bf{pistol}}\{\{nl\}\}- anything with the {\bf{appearance of a firearm}} whether capable of being discharged or not \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Weapon}} of offence means: & - any article made/adapted for D (to intend) to use for {\bf{causing injury}} to or {\bf{incapacitating}} a person.\{\{nl\}\}- D must {\bf{intend}} to use the article for either such purpose.\{\{nl\}\}- A cricket bat is {\bf{not}} naturally a weapon of offence. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 11)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Explosive}} means: & - any article manufactured to produce a {\bf{practical effect}} by {\bf{explosion}}\{\{nl\}\}- D must intend to use the explosive to produce an explosion. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.0807 cm} x{10.1893 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Aggravated Burglary (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{D must have the offending article with them either {\bf{at the point of entry}} for a s 9(1)(a) or {\bf{on commission or attempted commission}} of theft or GBH for a s 9(1)(b).} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{(Note: {\emph{R v Francis}} is an interesting case)} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}The phrase {\emph{'intended by D having it with them for such use'}} does {\bf{not}} impose a requirement to prove that the intended use was with respect to the particular burglary.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}



\end{document}