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% Document Info
\author{livjharrison}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (contract-law.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (livjharrison)
  /Subject (Contract Law Cheat Sheet)
}

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\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
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    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Contract Law Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{livjharrison} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/192137/cs/39942/}}}
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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}livjharrison \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/livjharrison} \\
  \end{tabulary}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 20th August, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
\raggedright
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ACTIONABLE MISREPRESENTATION}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Unambiguous, false, statement of fact, addressed to C, induced C (need not be the only reason but material) & C to prove objective inducement AND D to prove C was not induced, OR C to prove subjective inducement. & No duty to check \seqsplit{misrepresentor's} statement. If unreasonable not to \seqsplit{check/negligent} check done - possible contributory negligence. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mere Puff - Not Misrepresentation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{E.g. 'desirable residence', 'fertile and improvable', 'a fantastic investment opportunity'} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Silence - Not Misrepresentation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
No duty to disclose facts which, if known, might affect other party's decision to contract. & Impossible to know precisely what should be disclosed. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Statement of Future Intent. - Not Misrep}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Cannot be true or false at the moment it is made. & Representor makes a promise and then it is \seqsplit{prevented/circumstances} alter so they change their mind. & E.g. wife says she will not remarry and this is her intention. Later, changes her mind and remarries. She did not misrepresent her current intention. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 12)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Statment of Opinion - Not Misrepresentation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Same facts held by D \& C. Honestly held by D. & E.g. D said his 'idea was that the land would carry 2000 sheep' (when land has never been used for sheep before). \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Statement of Fact - Misrepresentation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{E.g. statements of law, statement asserting a given state of affairs.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Contracts uberrimae fidae - Misrepresentation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Some contracts necessitate one party in particularly strong position to know material facts and disclose those. & E.g. insurer must disclose material facts in a contract of insurance.\{\{nl\}\}E.g. fiduciary relationships like, company \& directors; trustee \& beneficiaries. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Half-Truths - Misrepresentation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Statement that is technically true but misleading. & E.g. selling property as 'fully let' knowing all tenants have given notice to quit. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Statement of Opinion \textgreater{} Fact - Misrepresentation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Representor has superior \seqsplit{knowledge/experience} than representee. & E.g. 'This will make 200,000 gallons of petrol per year' - said when representor had enough experience to know it can't be true. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Statement of FI \textgreater{} Fact - Misrepresentation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Where X states they intend to do something but know they cannot do it/do not intend to do it. & E.g. 'I will buy it next month for £1000', knowing they cannot afford it or having no intent to buy it. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Continuing Misrepresentation - Misrep}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
If statement is made initially which is true but becomes false before contracting, representor must correct \seqsplit{misrepresentation}. & Existing fact which was true but later becomes false. & E.g. selling a shop stating income of £1000p/m. If income falls to £100p/m, must disclose. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{CATEGORIES OF MISREPRESENTATION}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Remedies available depend upon the category of the misrepresentation in question.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Categories - Fraudulent}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Proof of fraud: false representation made knowingly or without belief in its proof or made recklessly careless whether it be true or false. & \seqsplit{Deliberate/dishonest} failure to disclose \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Motive = immaterial & Burden of proof on C (extremely difficult) \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Categories - Negligent}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Where representor cannot prove that they had reasonable grounds to believe (and continued to believe) the statement was true up to time of contract. & Burden of proof on D to prove they had reasonable grounds in believing their statement. & E.g. X told Y £100 cost taken from Doc 1. True cost was found in Doc 2. X failed to show objectively reasonable grounds for disregarding figure in Doc 2 and relying instead on Doc 1. \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 15)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Categories - Innocent}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Representor had reasonable grounds for belief in the truth of their statement and believed it up to time of contracting. & Burden on neither; innocent is simply a statement not made \seqsplit{fraudulently/negligently}. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Rescission}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Representee must communicate intention/initiate proceedings for rescission & Only awarded where parties can be restored to original position pre-contract. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.89126 cm} x{3.08574 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bars to Rescission}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Affirmation & Contract was affirmed through words/conduct \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Lapse of time & Action for rescission must be brought promptly \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Third party rights accrue & If at any time prior to rescission, person acquiring goods under contract passes good title of those goods to an innocent third party, cannot rescind. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Impossibility & If it is no longer possible to restore parties to previous position.\{\{nl\}\} E.g. change in nature/status of shares after being induced to take shares. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.09034 cm} x{2.88666 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{REMEDIES FOR MISREPRESENTATION}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Voidable but not void. & Rescission, damages, indemnity \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Indemnity}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Covers expenses for obligations assumed as direct result of contract & Where action for \seqsplit{misrepresentation} gives damages, indemnity NOT awarded & E.g. If representee induced into buying leasehold property, obligations arising from this (council tax, service charge etc.) would be covered by indemnity \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 12)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Damages for Fraudulent Misrep}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Places innocent party in position they would have been but for the misrepresentation & C must mitigate losses as soon as fraud discovered \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Contrib. not available as defence & Damages reduced by value of any benefit C acquired as a result of contract \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Damages for Negligent Misrepresentation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Places innocent party in position they would have been but for the misrepresentation & Damages can also be given in lieu of rescission \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Contrib available where loss was partly fault of representee} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.64772 cm} x{1.23579 cm} x{1.69349 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Damages for Innocent Misrepresentation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Only entitled to rescission and indemnity (if applicable) & No automatic right to damages & Court has discretion to award damages in lieu of rescission \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{EXEMPTING MISREPRESENTATION}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Cannot exclude/restrict liability unless it satisfies requirement of reasonableness.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.18988 cm} x{2.78712 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ALTERNATIVE CLAIMS TO MISREPRESENTATION}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Claim for breach: & Where misrepresented statement is incorporated into contract \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Claim in negligent misstatement: & Where duty of care exists in tort \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}