\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article}

% Packages
\usepackage{fancyhdr}           % For header and footer
\usepackage{multicol}           % Allows multicols in tables
\usepackage{tabularx}           % Intelligent column widths
\usepackage{tabulary}           % Used in header and footer
\usepackage{hhline}             % Border under tables
\usepackage{graphicx}           % For images
\usepackage{xcolor}             % For hex colours
%\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}    % For unicode character support
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}        % Without this we get weird character replacements
\usepackage{colortbl}           % For coloured tables
\usepackage{setspace}           % For line height
\usepackage{lastpage}           % Needed for total page number
\usepackage{seqsplit}           % Splits long words.
%\usepackage{opensans}          % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely.
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}     % For underlining links
% Most of the following are not required for the majority
% of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support.
\usepackage{amsmath}            % Symbols
\usepackage{MnSymbol}           % Symbols
\usepackage{wasysym}            % Symbols
%\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel}              % Languages

% Document Info
\author{lito.p}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (ecosystems-igcse-biology.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (lito.p)
  /Subject (Ecosystems IGCSE Biology Cheat Sheet)
}

% Lengths and widths
\addtolength{\textwidth}{6cm}
\addtolength{\textheight}{-1cm}
\addtolength{\hoffset}{-3cm}
\addtolength{\voffset}{-2cm}
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.2cm} % Space between columns
\setlength{\headsep}{-12pt} % Reduce space between header and content
\setlength{\headheight}{85pt} % If less, LaTeX automatically increases it
\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove footer line
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove header line
\renewcommand{\seqinsert}{\ifmmode\allowbreak\else\-\fi} % Hyphens in seqsplit
% This two commands together give roughly
% the right line height in the tables
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3}
\onehalfspacing

% Commands
\newcommand{\SetRowColor}[1]{\noalign{\gdef\RowColorName{#1}}\rowcolor{\RowColorName}} % Shortcut for row colour
\newcommand{\mymulticolumn}[3]{\multicolumn{#1}{>{\columncolor{\RowColorName}}#2}{#3}} % For coloured multi-cols
\newcolumntype{x}[1]{>{\raggedright}p{#1}} % New column types for ragged-right paragraph columns
\newcommand{\tn}{\tabularnewline} % Required as custom column type in use

% Font and Colours
\definecolor{HeadBackground}{HTML}{333333}
\definecolor{FootBackground}{HTML}{666666}
\definecolor{TextColor}{HTML}{333333}
\definecolor{DarkBackground}{HTML}{A31024}
\definecolor{LightBackground}{HTML}{F9F0F1}
\renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault}
\color{TextColor}

% Header and Footer
\pagestyle{fancy}
\fancyhead{} % Set header to blank
\fancyfoot{} % Set footer to blank
\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
    \SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
    }
\end{tabulary}
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Ecosystems IGCSE Biology Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{lito.p} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/165032/cs/34656/}}}
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}

\fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}lito.p \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/lito-p} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 13th October, 2022.\\
   Updated 13th October, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
  \SetRowColor{white}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
\raggedright
\raggedcolumns

% Set font size to small. Switch to any value
% from this page to resize cheat sheet text:
% www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html
\footnotesize % Small font.

\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.84 cm} x{6.16 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Definitions}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Ecosystem} & 1. distinct self supporting \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 2. system of organisms \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 3. interacting with each other and the environment \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{individual} & 1. a single member of a species \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Population} & 1. a particular species \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 2. in the same area \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 3.at a certain time \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{community} & 1. multiple populations \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 2. living and interacting \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 3. in an ecosystem \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Habitat & 1. where an organism lives at any one time \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Producers} & plants which photosynthesize to produce food \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Consumers} & animals that eat plants or other animals \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Decomposers} & organisms that break down dead material and help to recycle nutrients by saprotrophic nutrition (extracellular enzymatic digestion ) \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 5)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Biodiversity} & 1. amount of variation shown  by species \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 2. species richness \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 1)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 3.abundance of species and even distribution \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.64 cm} x{5.36 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Biotic factors}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
availability of food & 1. more food means more organisms can survive and reproduce \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 2. increase in population size \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
new predators & 1. in balanced ecosystems , predators catch enough prey to survive  but not many that they wipe out the population \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 2. if a new predator is introduced ecosystem may become unbalanced \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
new pathogens & 1. if a new pathogen enters an ecosystem , the population will have no immunity or resistence \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 2. population may decline or wipe out \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
competition & 1. if 2 species compete for the same resource and one is better adapted then that species will outcompete the other \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 5)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 2. may continue until there are too few members of the lesser adapted species to breed successfully \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{pyramid of energy}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{illustrates the amount of energy contained within the biomass} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{area of each box represents the quantity of energy} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{wide base , as you move up the energy decreases} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{ only 10\% of the energy is passed on }}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{only a small proportion is absorbed by the producers , most energy is relfected} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{energy transfer}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
1. producers use glucose from respiration to produce their own biomass & {\bf{energy losses }} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
2.primary consumers eat producers they digest the biomass and use the chemical energy to increase or sustain their own biomass & 1. during movement \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
chemical energy is transfered , biomass is also transferred & 2. as heat during respiration \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
only the energy from assimilation remains with the organism to be passed on & 3. egestion e.g. cellulose in faeces \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 4. excretory products - some of the energy is transferred to the decoposer food chain \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 5. some parts are inedible \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 0)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
efficiency of energy & useful energy output / total energy input x100 \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{importance of biodiversity}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
species depend and compete with each other for: & 1) food \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 2)shelter \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 3)maintenance of physical environment \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
High biodiversity -\textgreater{}stability of ecosystems -\textgreater{}reducing dependence & more resilient to environmental impact or disease \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.76 cm} x{4.24 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Abiotic factors}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Light intensity & 1. needed for photosynthesis \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 2. more light-\textgreater{}more ph\textasciicircum{}s\textasciicircum{} -\textgreater{}more plant growth \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Temperature & affects rate of ph\textasciicircum{}s\textasciicircum{} due to KE of enzymes \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Moisture levels & living organisms require water to survive \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
soil pH, mineral ion , clay content & different species of plants are adapted to different conditions(mention them !) \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
wind intensity & 1. affects rate of {\bf{transpiration}} in plants \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 2. higher wind intensity -\textgreater{} greater rate of transpiration \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 3. affects rate of {\bf{photosynthesis}} as it ensures water and mineral ions are transported to the {\bf{leaves}} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 6)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
CO`2` conc\textasciicircum{}n\textasciicircum{}  for plants & 1. ph\textasciicircum{}s\textasciicircum{} in plants \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 2. increase in CO`2` -\textgreater{} increase in ph\textasciicircum{}s\textasciicircum{} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
O`2` concentration , salinity & some aquatic animals can only survive in certain conditions \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.76 cm} x{4.24 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Abiotic factors (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{flow rate of river} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
pollution & toxic waste \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{food chains and food webs}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{represents the transfer of energy from producer through a sequence of organisms} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{source of all energy in a food chain is the light energy from the sun} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{food web: when an organism is both a primary or secondary consumer} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{pyramid on numbers and biomass}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
to show how {\bf{many organisms}} are in a habitat you need to draw a {\bf{pyramid of numbers}} & pyramid of biomass shows the total mass the organisms at each level would have \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
the larger an individual is the fewer of them there are & always pyramid shaped \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
width of box indicates the number of organisms at that trophic level & refers to dry biomass , after water has been removed \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{not always pyramid shaped} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}