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\author{lindzvicious (lindseylobin)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (textbook-chap-2-10-outline.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (lindzvicious (lindseylobin))
  /Subject (Textbook Chap 2 \&10 Outline Cheat Sheet)
}

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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Textbook Chap 2 \&10 Outline Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{lindzvicious (lindseylobin)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/125455/cs/24157/}}}
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\noindent
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}lindzvicious (lindseylobin) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/lindseylobin} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 29th August, 2020.\\
   Updated 29th August, 2020.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.44 cm} x{1.872 cm} x{1.944 cm} x{1.944 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of Research Questions}}  \tn
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{\bf{Existence}} & {\bf{Description \& Classification}} & {\bf{Composition}} & {\bf{Descriptive-Comparative}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
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-Does x exist? & -What are the characteristics\{\{nl\}\} of x? & -What \seqsplit{components} make up x? & -Is group x different from Group y? \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 2
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-{[}Ex{]} Is there an \seqsplit{unconscious}? & -{[}Ex{]} What are the \seqsplit{child-rearing} practices of mothers who are drug addicts? & -{[}Ex{]} What are the principle \seqsplit{components} of \seqsplit{personality}? & -{[}Ex{]} Are men more \seqsplit{aggressive} than women? \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 8)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Two static-group variables}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{*Some studies include 2+ \seqsplit{organismic-attribute-status} variables that intend to predict a different continuous variable. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
*Ex. If researchers were interested in the relationship between living in the city since birth \& problems in adolescence possible variables could be (a) drug use (b) criminal records before the age of 18% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.8 cm} x{1.8 cm} x{1.8 cm} x{1.8 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of Research Questions (Cont.)}}  \tn
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{\bf{Relationship}} & {\bf{Causal}} & {\bf{Causal-Comparative}} & {\bf{Causal-Comparative Interaction}} \tn 
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% Row 1
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-Is there a \seqsplit{relationship} or \seqsplit{association} between x \& y? & -Does x produce, lead to, or prevent changes in y? & -Does x cause more change in y than does z? & -Does x cause \{\{nl\}\}	more change in y \{\{nl\}\}than does \{\{nl\}\}z under certain \seqsplit{condiitons} but not under other \seqsplit{conditions}? \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 12)
% Row 2
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-Ex. Is happiness related to income? & -Ex. Does smoking marijuana reduce anxiety? & -Ex. Is studying for a \{\{nl\}\}test alone more effective for better \seqsplit{performance} than studying in groups? & -Ex. Is weed more effective than SSRI's in treating \seqsplit{depression} among women \{\{nl\}\}than men? \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 11)
% Row 3
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 & \seqsplit{-Researchers} do not control \seqsplit{extraneous} variables & -The \seqsplit{additional} provision \{\{nl\}\}	that the second \{\{nl\}\}experimental manipulation\{\{nl\}\} must also be valid \& \{\{nl\}\}must be introduced\{\{nl\}\}	 in an unbiased manner &  \tn 
% Row Count 44 (+ 17)
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{The same standards need to be met for both Causal-Comparative \& Causal-Comparative Interaction.  \newline }}Remember to pay attention to the added independent variable**}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of qualitative research methods?}}  \tn
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Participant\{\{nl\}\} observation & In-depth\{\{nl\}\} interviews & Focus\{\{nl\}\} groups \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
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-Data on naturally occurring behaviors in their usual environments & -Data on personal history of applicants, perspectives, experiences & -Data on cultural\{\{nl\}\} norms of target groups \& obtaining broad overviews of issues of concern to that specific group. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 10)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{**Each method aims to obtain a specific type of data.}  \tn 
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{What we learn from qualitative?}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{*The "human" side of issues, such as an individual's opinions, emotions, \& beliefs. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
*Also assist with identifying intangible factors, like social norms, SES, gender roles, \& religion. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
*When it's used in addition to quantitative methods, this provides us a better understanding of the complex reality of given situations as well as the meaning of the quantitative data.% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Advantages of qualitative methods}}  \tn
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*meaning \& culturally appropriate & \seqsplit{*unanticipated} by research since \{\{nl\}\}questions vary based on answers & *descriptive \& explanatory in answers \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hypotheses}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{*Are predictive statements about the outcome that's expected. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
*Must be clearly explicated. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
Null Hypothesis- Predicts that no relationship exists.  \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
Alternative Hypothesis- Predict that groups assisted in different treatments will demonstrate a difference in performance. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3)
Null Hypothesis Sign test- If the null is rejected p\textless{}.05, the direction of the group means must be in the direction (if specified) you expected to gain support.% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hypotheses/Theories}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{*Theories are broader compared to hypotheses.  \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
*Hypothesis= based on a specific observation \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
*Theories= A general principle utilizing numerous tests.% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Conceptual \& Operational Def.}}  \tn
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Concept Def. & Operational Def. \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
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*Describe the qualities of the variable that are independent of time \& space. & *Description of observable characteristics that represents a variable. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
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-Ex. Intelligence & -Ex. for Intelligence, we may use the score someone receives on a specific intelligence test. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{-We must relate intelligence to variables\{\{nl\}\}	 that we are able to measure.} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Experimental variables}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{*If the study includes independent/dependent variables, this is an experimental method.% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Static-Group (Non experimental) Variables}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{*Researchers choose their participants based on preexisting groups they are part of who demonstrate the identifying characteristics for the predictor variable. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
*Could be sex, race, education, occupation, diagnosis, political afflictions. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
*These variables are unable to be manipulated by researchers because we can't alter someone's political association or sex. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3)
-The term {\emph{independent variable}} is utilized \& implies that a causal relationship exists. So we refer to group membership as a predictor variable since manipulation hasn't occurred.% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Measured Variables}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{*Are not manipulated by experimenters \& are not naturally occurring events.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{*Variables are often labeled "predictor" \& have a "criterion" but don't assume causality between the two.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{*They aim to find the association between 2 continuous variables.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{*Can't assume that poor attendance causes bad test scores or that bad test scores causes poor attendance.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{*Minimal inference by researchers} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Multiple Correlation \& Causation}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{*Correlations between 2 variables show the relationship/association between them but do not imply one is the cause of the other.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{*Demonstrates 2+ independent variables \& a dependent variable.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
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\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4.96 cm} x{3.04 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Difference between quan \& qual methods}}  \tn
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*analytical objectives & *types of questions asked \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
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*differences in data collection instruments & *data produced \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{*degree of flexibility of the study} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}