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% Document Info
\author{lily22}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (homeostasis-npb.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (lily22)
  /Subject (Homeostasis NPB Cheat Sheet)
}

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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Homeostasis NPB Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{lily22} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/213518/cs/46454/}}}
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\noindent
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}lily22 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/lily22} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 27th May, 2025.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.9908 cm} x{2.9862 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Concept of Homeostasis}}  \tn
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{\bf{Homeostasis Definition:}} & The maintenance of a dynamic steady state within the internal bodily enviornemnt \tn 
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{\bf{Homeostasis Concept:}} & dynamic mechanisms are the factors that allow for a near-steady state by detecting and responding to deviations from the "set point" through effector responses \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.09034 cm} x{2.88666 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Factors in a Homeostatic Control System}}  \tn
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{\bf{Sensor}} & detects deviations from set point and relays informatory signal to the integrator/control system \tn 
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{\bf{Control Center/Integrator}} & integrates information input from the sensor to allow for a response system to restore the set point back to normal \tn 
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{\bf{Effector}} & Response system that receives information on adjustments in order to restore the set point back to normal. \tn 
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Homeostasis Conceptual Summary Figure}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/lily22_1748380658_1. Lecture+13_SQ25_Autonomic+Nervous+System.jpeg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.29402 cm} x{3.68298 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Intrinsic Control System}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Definition}} & {\emph{LOCAL}} control systems built {\emph{INTO}} a tissue/organ \tn 
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{\bf{Example:}} & Increased CO2 production by exercising skeletal muscle leads to -{}-\textgreater{} relaxation of smooth muscle and dilation of blood vessels; increased blood flow brings more O2 \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.34379 cm} x{3.63321 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Disruptions in Homeostasis}}  \tn
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\seqsplit{Pathophysiology} & abnormal bodily function associated with disease \tn 
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Result & homeostatic disruption so severe that death results \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.29402 cm} x{3.68298 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Extrinsic Control System}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Definition}} & Systems outside of an organ/tissue allowing for the co-ord regulation of multiple organs/tissues. \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Example 1}} & The {\emph{nervous system}} detects {\emph{LOW}} blood pressure leading to -{}-\textgreater{} Increased Heart rate + constriction of blood vessels \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Example 2}} & The {\emph{endocrine system}}  detects {\emph{HIGH}} blood glucose leading to -{}-\textgreater{} excretion of hormonal control \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Homeostasis Maintenance=Cell communication}}  \tn
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{\bf{{\emph{Direct}} Intracellular communication}} & {\emph{Gap Junctions}} + {\emph{Transient Direct linkup of Cells surface markers}} \tn 
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{\bf{{\emph{Indirect}} Intracellular communication via Extracellular messengers}} & Paracrine Secretion + Neurotransmitter secretion \tn 
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{\bf{ Endocrine Signaling}} & Hormonal + neurohormonal secretion \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Alterations in Homeostasis}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Set points can change}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1) In sickness temperature can change -{}-\textgreater{} Fever} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2) Throughout Aging -{}-\textgreater{} BMR (basal metabolic rate can change} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{3) Throughout daily life -{}-\textgreater{} Circadian rhythms can change} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Thermoregulation}}  \tn
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{\bf{Shivering}} -{}-\textgreater{} & when body temp is {\emph{LOW}}, heat is produced to increase body temp back to normal through shivering \tn 
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{\bf{Sweating}} -{}-\textgreater{} & when body temp is {\emph{HIGH}}, heat is lost to reduce the body temp back to normal through sweating \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.4931 cm} x{3.4839 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Thermoregulation}}  \tn
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{\bf{Shivering}} -{}-\textgreater{} & when body temp is {\emph{LOW}}, heat is produced to increase body temp back to normal through shivering \tn 
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{\bf{Sweating}} -{}-\textgreater{} & when body temp is {\emph{HIGH}}, heat is lost to reduce the body temp back to normal through sweating \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.64241 cm} x{3.33459 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Important Regulatory Systems}}  \tn
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{\bf{Nervous System}} & brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs \tn 
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{\bf{Endocrine System}} & all hormone-secreting glands \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Negative Feedback (NF)}}  \tn
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{\bf{Systems that operate under Negative Feedback}} & Intrinsic and Extrinsic control systems operate under the principle of negative feedback \tn 
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{\bf{Goal}} & Remediate an unwanted change \tn 
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{\bf{Definition}} & A change in a controlled variable triggers a response that drives the variable in the opposite direction of the initial change, thus opposing the change \tn 
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{\bf{Afferent Signal/Path}} & Send info from Sensor to control center \tn 
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{\bf{Efferent Signal/Path}} & Send info from Control Center to Effectors in order to help restore homeostasis \tn 
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{\bf{Example: Temperature Regulation}} & High body temp sensed by skin cells -{}-\textgreater{} Send info to brain/control center-{}-\textgreater{} send info to Sweat Glands/Effector-{}-\textgreater{}release Sweat -{}-\textgreater{} Response: Lower Body temp back to normal levels \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{NF Ex: Regulating Glucose Concentration}}  \tn
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{\bf{Set point of glucose concentration of Plasma}} & \textasciitilde{}80mg/dL \tn 
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{\bf{Beta Cells}} & Release {\emph{INSULIN}} from pancreas when glucose concentration {\emph{INCREASES}} \tn 
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{\bf{Alpha Cells}} & Release {\emph{GLUCAGON}} from pancreas when glucose concentration {\emph{DECREASES}} \tn 
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{\bf{B-Cells Negative Feedback Mechanism}} & Beta cells {\emph{SENSE}} glucose levels in blood (Increase/Decrease) and compare them to the set point glucose concentration; Too high = send info to control center (afferent path) -{}-\textgreater{} Control center sends info to effector (efferent path) -{}-\textgreater{} Response: release INSULIN -{}-\textgreater{} decrease glucose concentration back to set point \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{NF: Glucose Homeostasis Figure}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/lily22_1748329716_Screenshot 2025-05-27 at 12.08.26 AM.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nervous system VS Endocrine system}}  \tn
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{\bf{Nervous System}} & {\bf{Endocrine System}} \tn 
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{\emph{WIRED}}; specific structual arrangment between neurons + target cells & {\emph{WIRELESS}}; widely dispersed endocrine glands that are unrelated to each other + target cells \tn 
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Chemcial Messenger= Neurotransmitter into -{}-\textgreater{} synaptic cleft & Chemcial Messenger= Hormones released-{}-\textgreater{} blood \tn 
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{\emph{SHORT}} distance (diffusion across synaptic cleft) & {\emph{LONG}} distances (carried by blood) \tn 
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{\emph{RAPID}} response + {\emph{BRIEF}} duration & {\emph{SLOW}} response + {\emph{LONG}} duration \tn 
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Function= co-ords rapid + precise responses & Function= Control long duration activities \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.69218 cm} x{3.28482 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Feedforward Mechanisms}}  \tn
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{\bf{Definition:}} & System that operates without a detector by activating homeostatic mechs + predicting when a change is likely to occur \tn 
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{\bf{Potential Mech \#1}} & In response to an anticipated/once in a lifetime (infrequent) event \tn 
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Ex 1: & The normal anticipatory regulation of heartbeat in advance of actual physical exertion \tn 
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{\bf{Potential Mech \#2}} & Through Body Rhythms \tn 
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Ex 2: & The rhythms are internally driven but entrained (timing is set) by environmental cues. \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.84149 cm} x{3.13551 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Non-Homeostatic Mech= Positive Feedback}}  \tn
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{\bf{Definiton:}} & System with no contribution to homeostatis BUT, contributes to specific physiological needs in which the {\emph{INITIAL}} change is {\emph{AMPLIFIED}} and moves {\emph{AWAY}} from set point \tn 
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{\bf{Importance:}} & In processes such as childbirth or firing an action potential \tn 
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{\bf{ Childbirth Example}} & During labor (stimulus), the the nerve receptors (sensors) detect cervical stretching and signal to the brain (control center) which allows for the release of oxytocin (effector) from the pituitary gland in order to stimulate more stretching and stronger contractions and stimulate the olacenta to further make prostaglandins stimulating more oxytocin and more cervical \seqsplit{stretch/contractions(opposite} of negative feedback which would end the \seqsplit{contractions/stretching).} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Homeostatic-ally maintained Factors}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1. Nutrients} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2. Oxygen + Carbon Dioxide} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{3. Waste Products} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{4. pH} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{5. Water, Salt, other electrolytes} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{6. Volume + pressure} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{7. Temperature} \tn 
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}