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% Document Info
\author{Liliaeve}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (chemistry-exam-2-unit-7.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Liliaeve)
  /Subject (Chemistry Exam 2: Unit 7 Cheat Sheet)
}

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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Chemistry Exam 2: Unit 7 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Liliaeve} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/216606/cs/47374/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Liliaeve \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 20th November, 2025.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\begin{multicols*}{4}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.3433 cm} p{0.3433 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chemical Reaction Kinetics}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Chemical reactions occur when molecules collide} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 0)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Requirements:}}} \tn 
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{- the molecules have to come close enough to interact} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{- have to have the proper orientation when they collide} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{- the molecules colliding have to have sufficient energy, since the kinetic energy from a moving molecule is used to break bond} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{most collisions do NOT result in a chemical reaction}}} \tn 
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% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 0)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{The transition state in a chemical reactants occur {\bf{before}} formation of the products} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{- once adequate reaction connections are met a reaction will occur} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{- reactions occur in steps. Often partial bonds between the molecules, and in the process creating a transition state} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 11
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{- transition state is higher in energy due to repulsive forces of electrons between all the three atoms} \tn 
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% Row 12
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
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% Row 13
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Steps:}}} \tn 
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% Row 14
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Reactants} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Transition state} \tn 
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% Row 16
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Products} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.3433 cm} p{0.3433 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Energy Diagrams}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{illustrates energy changes} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 0)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{- the height of the energy barrier indicates the {\bf{rate}} of reaction (E\textasciitilde{}a\textasciitilde{})} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
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% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Activation energy (E\textasciitilde{}a\textasciitilde{})}}} \tn 
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% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{- minimum amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur} \tn 
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% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{High = SLOW}} (few molecules can transition)} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Low = FAST}} (lots of molecules can transition)} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.3433 cm} p{0.3433 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Exothermic Reaction}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{the average energy of the reactants is {\bf{higher}} than that of the products, indicating that energy has been released in the reaction} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.3433 cm} p{0.3433 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Endothermic Reaction}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{the average energy of the reactants is {\bf{less}} than that of the products, indicating that energy has been absorbed in the reaction} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.33887 cm} x{2.09413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Conditions that Drive a Chemical Reaction}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Concentration}}} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{increase (reactants) - increase number of collisions - increase reaction rate} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Temperature}}} \tn 
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% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{increase temperature - increase the energy of each molecule - increase collision and further successful collisions - increase reaction rate} \tn 
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% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Catalysts}}} \tn 
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% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{- substance that speeds up the rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy (lower E\textasciitilde{}a\textasciitilde{} - faster reaction)} \tn 
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% Row 8
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{- recovered unchanged in a reaction} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{- does not appear in the product} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Uncatalyzed reaction}} & {\bf{higher}} E\textasciitilde{}a\textasciitilde{} - {\bf{slower}} reaction \tn 
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{\bf{Catalyzed reaction}} & {\bf{lower}} E\textasciitilde{}a\textasciitilde{} - {\bf{faster}} reaction \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chemical Equilibrium}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{chemical reactions are {\bf{often reversible}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Ex.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- reactants create products ({\bf{forward}} reaction - moving to the {\bf{right}})} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- products can also form reactants ({\bf{reverse}} reaction - moving to the {\bf{left}})} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Equilibrium}}} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{reversible reactions reach {\bf{equilibrium}}} \tn 
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% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- rate of the {\bf{forward}} reaction = rate of the {\bf{reverse}} reaction} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Equilibrium Constant (K)}}} \tn 
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% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- characteristic value for a given reaction at a given temperature} \tn 
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% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- concentration is key = number of moles in a given volume} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Calculating K}}} \tn 
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% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{calculate K for the reaction between the general reactants A\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} and B\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}. The concentrations mol/L = Molar (M) at equilibrium are as follows:} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{(A\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}) = 0.25 M} \tn 
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% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{(B\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}) = 0.25 M} \tn 
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% Row 17
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{(AB) = 0.50 M} \tn 
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% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{A\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} = B\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} -{}-\textgreater{} 2AB} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{K = (AB)\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{} / (A\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}) x (B\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}) = (0.50)\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{} / (0.25) x (0.25) = (0.50) x (0.50) / 0.0625 = 0.25 / 0.0625 = {\bf{4.0}}} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

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