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\author{Liliaeve}
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  /Title (chemistry-exam-2-unit-5.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Liliaeve)
  /Subject (Chemistry Exam 2: Unit 5 Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Chemistry Exam 2: Unit 5 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Liliaeve} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/216606/cs/47370/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Liliaeve \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/liliaeve} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 19th November, 2025.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\begin{multicols*}{4}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Preferential Bonding}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{*Note: all elements in the first two periods (rows) on the periodic table can NOT have an expanded octet} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{H}} - doesn't have preferential bonding because it can only bond one way (only has one bond)} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{C}} - atoms with 4 valence electrons, like carbon, can bond in 4 ways} \tn 
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{N}} - atoms with 5 valence electrons, like nitrogen, can bond in 3 ways (3 total bonds and one lone pair - in any configuration)} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{O}} - atoms with 6 valence electrons, like oxygen, can bond in two ways (double bond with two lone pairs, or two single bonds and two lone pairs)} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Halogens (F, Cl, Br, I)}} - halogens prefer to have one bond and 3 lone pairs. {\bf{F}} can NEVER have more than one bond. {\bf{Cl, Br, and I}} can have expanded octets, so they have more options for bonding.} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 5)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Naming Covalent Compounds}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Rules:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1. Name the first nonmetal by it's element name} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{2. Name the second nonmetal using the suffix -ide} \tn 
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{3. Add prefixes to indicate the number of atoms of each element} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
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% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{only use prefixes for covalent compounds}}} \tn 
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

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Mono & 1 \tn 
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Di & 2 \tn 
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Tri & 3 \tn 
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Tetra & 4 \tn 
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Penta & 5 \tn 
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Hexa & 6 \tn 
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Hepta & 7 \tn 
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Octa & 8 \tn 
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Nona & 9 \tn 
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Deca & 10 \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Octet Rule}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{main group atoms tend to form chemical bonds to achieve eight electrons in their valence shell, making them as stable as noble gases} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Exceptions to the Octet Rule}}  \tn
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Less e- than an octet & Ex. - Boron (3 ve-), He, Li, H &  \tn 
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More e- than an octet (expanded octet) & Ex. - Sulfur and Phospohorus: 8, 10, or 12 ve- &  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{C}} - prefers to be central all the time} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{N}} - prefers to be central sometimes} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{O}} - can be central or not central} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{F and H}} - never central because they can only have one bond each} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Polyatomic Ions}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{Polyatomic Ions}} & a group of two or more atoms covalently bonded together that carries an overall net electric charge (positive or negative) \tn 
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Polyatomic Cation & covalent molecule with an overall {\bf{positive}} charge \tn 
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Polyatomic Anion & covalent molecule with an overall negative charge \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Examples:}}} \tn 
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H\textasciitilde{}3\textasciitilde{}O+ & Hydronium ion \tn 
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NH\textasciitilde{}4\textasciitilde{}+ & Ammonium ion \tn 
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SO\textasciitilde{}4\textasciitilde{}\textasciicircum{}-2\textasciicircum{} & Sulfate \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Suffixes:}}} \tn 
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% Row 8
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- ate (most common suffix) & ion with {\bf{more}} oxygen atoms \tn 
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- ite & ion with {\bf{less}} oxygen atoms \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Examples:}}} \tn 
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% Row 11
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NO\textasciitilde{}3\textasciitilde{}\textasciicircum{}-\textasciicircum{} & Nitr{\bf{ate}} (3 oxygen atoms) \tn 
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% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
NO\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}\textasciicircum{}-\textasciicircum{} & Nitr{\bf{ite}} (2 oxygen atoms) \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Covalent Compound Examples}}  \tn
% Row 0
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NO2 & Nitrogen Dioxide \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
CO & Carbon monoxide \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
N2O4 & Dinitrogen Tetroxide \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
SiF4 & Silicon Tetrafluoride \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
P2O5 & Diphosphorus Pentoxide \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
SiO2 & Silicon Dioxide \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
N2O3 & Dinitrogen Trioxide \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}