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\author{leahjjane13}
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  /Title (meiosis-vs-mitosis.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (leahjjane13)
  /Subject (meiosis vs mitosis Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{meiosis vs mitosis Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{leahjjane13} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/158995/cs/33542/}}}
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  \vspace{-2pt}leahjjane13 \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 5th August, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Meiosis vs mitosis}}  \tn
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Mitosis & Meiosis & Same \tn 
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2 diploid identical daughter cells & 4 haploid non-identical daughter cells & Produces new cell \tn 
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one division & two divisions & Starts with a diploid parent cell \tn 
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growth and repair, asexual reproduction & producing gametes & Cells undergo cell replication \tn 
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somatic cells & germ cells & The body needs both \tn 
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46 chromosomes & 23 chromosomes & Both take place in cell nuclei \tn 
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No crossing over/genetic recombination & Crossing over (genetic variation) & Both involve cell division \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of stem cells}}  \tn
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\seqsplit{Totipotent} & Pluripotent & Multipotent \tn 
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early \seqsplit{embryo/blastocyst} & inner cell mass of developing embryo & bone marrow/cord blood \tn 
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any type of \seqsplit{cell/tissue} & differentiate many tissue types/but cannot create & \seqsplit{differentiate} into blood cells \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{What is the purpose of meiosis and mitosis?}}  \tn
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Mitosis & Meiosis \tn 
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The purpose of miosis is for growth and repair, or asexual reproduction. & The purpose of meiosis is to produce germ cells, games, sex cells. \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mitosis}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Interphase:} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{G1: cell contents duplicated, S: DNA replication, G2: check for error} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Prophase:} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Chromatin -\textgreater{} chromosomes,   Nuclear membrane starts to breakdown,    Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Metaphase:} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Spindle fibers are sent out from the centrioles,    Spindle fibers attach to centromeres,   Chromosomes line up in the middle (single file)} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Anaphase:} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Centromeres break down,   Spindle fibers contract,  Sister chromatids pulled to opposite sides of the cell} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Telophase:} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Cytokinesis:} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Division of cytoplasm,   2 diploid identical daughter cells,   Exact copy of genetic information} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{What is cancer?}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Cancer cells are your cells, they are non-functioning cells that have had their apoptosis gene turned off} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Apoptosis is programmed cell death, where a cell that isn't functioning will die, therefore it isn't taking recourses from functioning cells} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Usually when these cells are present our immune system will break them down} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{However when the apoptosis gene is off and the cell division gene is on these cells start to continually replicate at a rate that our body cannot keep up with. Lots of cells = tumour} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{It involves the destruction of embryos to harvest totipotent and pluripotent stem cells (when is something living? When it has a heartbeat or the moment its cells start replicating?)} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mitosis}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{how does meiosis allow for genetic variation?}}  \tn
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Crossing over & 00:00 00:36 Crossing over, as related to genetics and genomics, refers to the exchange of DNA between paired homologous chromosomes (one from each parent) that occurs during the development of egg and sperm cells (meiosis). This process results in new combinations of alleles in the gametes (egg or sperm) formed, which ensures genomic variation in any offspring produced. \tn 
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Random fusion of gametes & which egg is released is random and which sperm that enters the egg is random therefore the alleles that are being carried by the egg and sperm and eventually the offspring were randomly selected \tn 
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Random assortment of genes & the separation, or assortment, of homologous chromosomes is random. This means that all of the maternal chromosomes will not be separated into one cell, while the all paternal chromosomes are separated into another. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{What are stem cells?}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Stem cells are undifferentiated cells which means they currently have no job to do in the body    Stem cells can be artificially modified to become a certain type of cell, for example they have grown fully functioning mouse hearts in a lab   They also inject stem cells that have been programmed to be cartilage and ligaments into injured knees and joints.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Stem cells are categorised according to their ability to develop into different tissue types. Some stem cells are capable of differentiating into more different tissue types than others} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Stem cells can be artificially modified to become a certain type of cell, for example they have grown fully functioning mouse hearts in a lab} \tn 
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{They also inject stem cells that have been programmed to be cartilage and ligaments into injured knees and joints.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{meiosis}}  \tn
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Interphase 1 & Prophase 2 \tn 
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G1, S, G2 & Chromatin -?\textgreater{} chromosomes,   Nuclear membrane starts to break down,    Centrioles move to opposite ends of cell \tn 
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Prophase 1 & Metaphase 2 \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
Chromatin -\textgreater{} chromosomes,    Nuclear membrane starts to break down,    Centrioles move to opposite ends of cell & Spindle fibers are sent out from centrioles and attach to centromeres   Chromosomes line up in the middle (single file) \tn 
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% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Metaphase 1 & Anaphase 2 \tn 
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% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Spindle fibers are sent from centrioles and attach to centromeres,   Chromosomes line up in middle as homologous pairs (2 lines),  Crossing over occurs here & Centromeres break down    Spindle fibers contract   Sister chromatids pulled to ends of the cell \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Anaphase 1 & Telophase 2 \tn 
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Centromeres break down,   Spindle fibers contract,   Homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell & Nuclear membrane reforms   Cells start to pinch in middle   Chromosomes -\textgreater{} chromatin \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
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\vfill
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.7165 cm} x{1.7165 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{meiosis (cont)}}  \tn
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Telophase 1 & Cytokinesis 2 \tn 
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Nuclear membrane reforms,   Cells start to pinch in the middle,   Chromosomes -\textgreater{} chromatin & Division of cytoplasm   4 non-identical haploid daughter cells \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Cytokinesis 1} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Division of cytoplasm,   2 non-identical haploid daughter cells} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{What is a tumour?}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{A tumor is a mass of cells that are taking resources from the body but giving nothing back which means the body cannot function as it should. A tumor where the cells do NOT spread is said to be benign.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{A malignant tumor where the cells DO spread via the circulatory or lymphatic systems cancer. A malignant tumor is a problem as when the cells spread they start making more tumors around the body. A tumor on the liver means the liver cannot function as it should but tumours on the liver, pancreas and stomach means all 3 of those organs cannot function as they should. Also 1 tumor is more easily treated then multiple tumours.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{meiosis}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cancer treatments}}  \tn
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Surgery & the goal of surgery is to remove the cancer or as much of it as possible \tn 
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Chemotherapy & uses drugs to kill cancer cells \tn 
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Radiation therapy & Radiation therapy uses high-powered energy beams, such as X-rays or protons, to kill cancer cells. Radiation treatment can come from a machine outside your body (external beam radiation), or it can be placed inside your body (brachytherapy). \tn 
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\seqsplit{Immunotherapy} & Immunotherapy, also known as biological therapy, uses your body's immune system to fight cancer. Cancer can survive unchecked in your body because your immune system doesn't recognize it as an intruder. Immunotherapy can help your immune system "see" the cancer and attack it. \tn 
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Targeted drug therapy & Targeted drug treatment focuses on specific abnormalities within cancer cells that allow them to survive. Targeted therapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to target specific genes and proteins that are involved in the growth and survival of cancer cells. Targeted therapy can affect the tissue environment that helps a cancer grow and survive or it can target cells related to cancer growth, like blood vessel cells. \tn 
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% That's all folks
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