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% Document Info
\author{ktown022}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (psyc300a-exam-1.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (ktown022)
  /Subject (PSYC300A - exam \#1 Cheat Sheet)
}

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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
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    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{PSYC300A - exam \#1 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{ktown022} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/164409/cs/34451/}}}
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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}ktown022 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/ktown022} \\
  \end{tabulary}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 2nd October, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
  \SetRowColor{white}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
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\begin{multicols*}{4}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Equations!}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{X = Categories of IV} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{f}} = frequency of scores} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{∑ (sigma) = sum (to add something up)} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Relative Frequency ({\emph{rf}}) = {\emph{f}}➗{\emph{N}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{N = total number of scores} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Cumulative frequency ({\emph{cf}}) = start at bottom {\emph{f}} and add up} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Cumulative relative frequency ({\emph{crf}}) = {\emph{cf}}➗{\emph{N}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Range = Max \# - Min \#} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Population mean = μ} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Sample mean = M or x̄} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Deviation = x - μ or x-x̄} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Variance = Σ(x-x̄)$^{\textrm{2}}$ ፥ N} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Standard Deviation (SD) = √Variance OR √SD$^{\textrm{2}}$} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Pearson's coefficient of skew = 3(x̄-Mdn) ➗ SD} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of scales of measurement!}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1.) {\bf{Nominal}} ("categories of"): \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
     - No quantitative distinction between observations \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
     - Categories are equivalent and discriminable: one is not better than or higher than the other(s) and can be distinguished from each other \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3)
- how many items/people are in one category/group \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
- do not need/include {\emph{crf}} or {\emph{cf}} \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
- Cant create stem and leaf display \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
2.) {\bf{Ordinal}} ("more of"): \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
- the data can be categorized and ranked \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
- Cant create stem and leaf display \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
3.) {\bf{Interval}} ("how much of"): \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
- the data can be categorized and ranked, {\emph{and evenly spaced}} (e.g., temp) \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
- Arbitrary zero, therefore, cannot speak meaningfully about ratios \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
- could have negative numbers \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
4.) {\bf{Ratio}} ("Proportion of"): \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
- Equal intervals between objects represent equal differences (Eg., money) \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 2)
- Has a meaningful zero% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.7165 cm} x{1.7165 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{How we describe data}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{"Bell-shaped" curve}} & {\bf{Kurtosis}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
- Normal distribution, Gaussian distribution & - degree to which data values are distributed in the tails of the distribution \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & platykurtic distribution = low degree of peakedness (\textless{}0) \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & normal distribution = mesokurtic distribution (0) \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & leptokurtic distribution = high degree of peakedness (\textgreater{}0) \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Definitions!}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Descriptive statistics}}: Organizes, summarizes, and communicates a group of numerical observations} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Inferential statistics}}: Allows tests of hypotheses using systematic, objective procedures} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Discrete numbers}}: separate, indivisible categories (eg., 4 or 5 children, not 4.34 children)} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Continuous numbers}}: infinite number of values fall between any two observed values (eg., Age, height, weight, time)} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Independent variable (IV)}}: Feature(s) of a study that is/are used to explain or explore the participants behaviour} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Dependent Variable (DV)}}: Behaviour of the participants that we are observing, measuring, or recording} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Cumulative relative frequency (crf)}}:proportion of scores at or below a particular score} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Cumulative frequency (cf)}}: frequency of scores at or below a particular score} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Relative frequency (rf)}}: fraction of the total group associated with each scores} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Modality}}:the number of peaks in a frequency distribution of data} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{positive skew}}: a lot of data on the lower end of the distribution} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{negative skew}}: a lot of data point on the higher end of the distribution} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Semi-interquartile Range (SIQR)}}: the distance of a typical value from the median} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Definitions! (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Median Absolute deviation (MAD)}}: Absolute measure of how many physical units values deviate from the median} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sum of squared deviations}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1.) Compute x̄ = ∑ x X  ➗N \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
2.) Compute the squared deviation for each score: (x−x̄)2 \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
3.) Compute the sum of squared deviations (SS) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
4.) Divide SS by N for the mean of squared deviations% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Graphic Figures!}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{If you have {\emph{nominal or ordinal}} data: use {\bf{BAR GRAPH}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{If you have {\emph{Interval or Ratio}} data: use {\bf{HISTOGRAM}}, {\bf{LINE GRAPH}}, or {\bf{POLYGON}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Measures of Central Tendency!}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1.) {\bf{Mode}} ({\emph{Mod}} or {\emph{Mo}}) \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- most frequent category/score in a distribution \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
- {\bf{ALWAYS}} a value that is observed in the dataset \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
- No inferential statistics \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
- May not be representative \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
2.) {\bf{Median}} ({\emph{mdn, md or x̄}}) \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
- Physical middle of an ordered set of data (aka, 50th percentile rank) \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
- less biased when interval/ratio data are severely skewed  \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
- not affected by outliers or extreme scores \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
- No inferential statistics \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
3.) {\bf{Mean}} \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
- Average of all numbers \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
- Most common value used for descriptive/inferential analyses \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
- Applied only to interval/ratio data \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
- Is biased if the scores are strongly skewed% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Data and Central Tendency!}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Nominal}}: Mode \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
{\bf{Ordinal}}: Mode, Median \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
{\bf{Interval/Ratio}}: Mode, Median, Mean% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Measurement and Variance!}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Nominal}}: none \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
{\bf{Ordinal}}: range, SIQR, MAD \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
{\bf{Interval/Ratio}}: Range, SIQR, MAD, variance, SD% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.69759 cm} x{0.84924 cm} x{1.48617 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Interpretation of skew value}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Range of Values}} & {\bf{Skew}} & {\bf{Data}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Between 0 and 0.5 & Normal \seqsplit{distribution} & Use Mean and SD \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Between .5 and 1.0 & Mild to moderate skew & Use Mean and SD \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Between 1.o and 2.0 & moderate to strong skew & Use Mean and SD if closer to 1.0 than 2.0 \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Greater than 2.0 & Severe skew & Use Median and MAD \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Measures of Variability!}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1.) {\bf{Range}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- Distance covered by scores in a distribution from the smallest score (min) and largest score (max) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 3)
- unreliable: sensitive to extreme values \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
- least preferred option of measures of variability \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
2.) {\bf{Semi-Interquartile Range (SIGR)}} \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
- Half the range of the middle 50\% of observations \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
- Can be used with ordinal, interval, and ratio scales \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
- Not affected by outliers or extreme scores \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
- Some values in the distribution are excluded  \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
3.) {\bf{Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)}} \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
- {\emph{How to calculate it}}: \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
→ Find the median of the data set \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
→Compute the absolute deviation of each value in the data set from the median \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 2)
→Subtract the median from the value \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
remove +/- (if they apply) \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
→Order the absolute deviation values from low to high:  \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 2)
→Find the median of the ordered deviation values: Mad \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 2)
- less sensitive (than standard deviation) to extreme scores or skews in data \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 2)
- not useful in advanced statistical procedures \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
4.) {\bf{Variance}} \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
- average squared distance from the mean \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Measures of Variability! (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{– for computing descriptive statistics only \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
5.) {\bf{Standard Deviation (SD)}} \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
- measure of the standard/average distance from the mean (how dispersed the scores are around the mean) \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
- sensitive to extreme scores or outliers and is therefore biased with skewed distributions% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.2132 cm} x{1.00089 cm} x{0.81891 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Symmetrical vs. Skewed !}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Symmetrical}} & {\bf{+ Skewed}} & {\bf{- skewed}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Mean and median are always the same (in the middle) & mean the closest to the tail end &  \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
mode varies & mode is where the peak is &  \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & median is in between &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Tail pointed towards high \# & Tail pointed towards low \# \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Use Median and median absolute deviations for extremely skewed data}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}