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% Document Info
\author{kreutzkt}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (constitutional-law.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (kreutzkt)
  /Subject (Constitutional Law Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Constitutional Law Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{kreutzkt} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/174709/cs/36699/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}kreutzkt \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/kreutzkt} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 30th January, 2023.\\
   Updated 30th January, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Historical background}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Articles of the confederation were written during the early part of the American Revelution and approved in 1781} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The national government was deliberatly kept weak; giving much of the power to the states} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.74195 cm} x{3.23505 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Organization of the Federal Government}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{the federal government was divided into three separate branches of government} \tn 
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% Row 1
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the Legislative branch & Congress - the law makers \tn 
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% Row 2
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the Executive branch & President - enforces the law. most LEOs belong to this branch \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
the Judicial branch & Supreme Court - interprets the laws \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.69218 cm} x{3.28482 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1st Amendment}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or the press; of the right of the people to peacefully assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Religion}} & Establishment clause -separation of church and state. Any law must serve a secular purpose \{\{nl\}\} Free Exercise clause- prevents government form interfering with religios practices \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Freedom of speech}} & Balancing test- citizen's interest v public interest\{\{nl\}\}Symbolic speech is protected \{\{nl\}\}Speech NOT protected:\{\{nl\}\} clear and present danger,\{\{nl\}\}fighting words,\{\{nl\}\}true threats,\{\{nl\}\} advocating Immediate lawless action,\{\{nl\}\}Obscenity,\{\{nl\}\} Fraudulent misrepresentation (slander/perjury) \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 12)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Peaceful assembly}} & a speaker has no right to express his views on another person's private property\{\{nl\}\} the government may require a permit for access to public forums \{\{nl\}\} -permits may restrict the time, place and manner of expression \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 9)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{4th Amendment}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrents shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation,and particularly describing the palce to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Search}} & a government intrusion that adversely impacts upon a person, house, paper, or effect where the person has a reasonable expectation of privacy. \{\{nl\}\} Does not regulate searches by private citizens \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 8)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Seizure}} & Person or property taken under control of the government arrests, detainments, and taking personal property as evidence \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{probable cause}} & Is needed to obtain arrest or search warrants. Particular description of place or person must be described. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{5th Amendment}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{No person shall be held for a capitol or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 12)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Double Jeopardy}} & means to be tried twice by the same sovereign for the same offense\{\{nl\}\} The following situations are not Double Jeopardy:\{\{nl\}\}Dual Sovereignty,\{\{nl\}\} Mistrial,\{\{nl\}\}Nolle prosequi,\{\{nl\}\}Remand of the case \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 9)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Self-Incrimination}} & focuses on the government interrogations seeking communicative evidence. \{\{nl\}\} Interrogation - words or actions likely to elicit an incriminating response. \{\{nl\}\}Communicative "testimonial" can be verbal, written, or non-verbal.\{\{nl\}\}Non-testimonial evidence - face ,fingerprints, booking information \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 13)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.89126 cm} x{3.08574 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{5th Amendment (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{Grand Jury Indictment}} & all "infamous" crimes, meaning felony offenses, will be investigated by a body of impartial citizens to determine if enough probable cause exists to charge a person with a crime \tn 
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{\bf{Due Process}} & rules and procedures to ensure fairness \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6th Amendment}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to ne informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining Witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defense.} \tn 
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% Row 1
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{\bf{Speedy Trial}} & 100 days of arrest \tn 
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{\bf{Confrontation of witnesses}} & ability to challenge the accuracy of the testimony and allow the jury to weight the information \tn 
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{\bf{Compulsory Witnesses}} & defendant may subpoena witnesses on their behalf \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
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{\bf{Assistance of Counsel}} & the right to legal counsel at "critical stages" of the process\{\{nl\}\} indictment, information, initial appearances \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 6)
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\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Informed of the nature and cause of charges}} & the initial appearance. without unnecessary delay \tn 
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{\bf{Venue}} & the trail is held where the crime was commited \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 3)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.69218 cm} x{3.28482 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{8th amendment}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and usuals punishments inflicted} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Bail}} & is not to punish people but allow pretrial release of a person presumed innocent \tn 
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{\bf{Cruel and Unusual}} & Excludes torture\{\{nl\}\} capitol punishment is not cruel/unusual is used with discretion and adequate procedures \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{14th amendment}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{the 14th amendment was a landmark change to the constitution after the Civil war. It made the fundamental rights found in the constitution applicable to the states} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}