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\author{kmz\_2022}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (ap-biology-unit-8.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (kmz\_2022)
  /Subject (AP Biology: Unit 8 Cheat Sheet)
}

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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{AP Biology: Unit 8 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{kmz\_2022} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/145729/cs/31928/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}kmz\_2022 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/kmz-2022} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 10th May, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Population Ecology Definitions}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{ microclimate}} & climate patterns on a very fine scale (ex. under a log) &  \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{ abiotic factors}} & {\emph{nonliving}} properties of the environment &  \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{ biotic factors}} & {\emph{living}} factors in an environment &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{ population ecology}} & study of populations in relation to their environment &  \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{population}} & group of the same species that live in the same area &  \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
% Row 5
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{\bf{community}} & all the populations of organisms in an area &  \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{ cohort}} & group of the same age bracket &  \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{bb=1\}\}{\bf{territoriality}} & \{\{bb=1\}\}animals defend a bounded physical space &  \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 4)
% Row 8
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} {\bf{3 Life History Characteristics}}} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 1)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.66 cm} x{2.66 cm} x{2.28 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Population Ecology Definitions (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
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1. when they reproduce (age of maturity) & 2. how often they reproduce & 3. how many offspring are produced \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{ k-selection}} & selection of life history traits that are {\emph{sensitive to population density}} &  \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 6)
% Row 11
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 & ↳ \seqsplit{density-dependent} selection (high density) &  \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{r-selection}} & selection for life history traits that {\emph{maximize reproductive success}} &  \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 5)
% Row 13
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 & ↳ \seqsplit{density-independent} selection (low density) &  \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 4)
% Row 14
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{\bf{density dependent}} & \seqsplit{characteristic} that varies with population density/ \% affected is high (biotic) &  \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 6)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{density independent}} & \seqsplit{characteristic} that is NOT affected by population density (abiotic) &  \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 5)
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Population Ecology Definitions (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 16
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}\{\{bt=1\}\} {\bf{3 Dispersal Patterns}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 17
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1. clumped & 2. uniform & 3. random \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{survivorship curve}}} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} {\bf{EXPONENTIAL GROWTH}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\seqsplit{equation:} & dN/dt = r`max`N \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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symbols: & dN\textasciitilde{} change in population size \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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 & dt\textasciitilde{} change in time \tn 
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% Row 4
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 & r`max`\textasciitilde{} rate of increase (max) \tn 
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% Row 5
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 & N\textasciitilde{} population size \tn 
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shape: & J \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
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% Row 8
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\seqsplit{equation:} & dN/dt = r`max`N {[}(K-N)/K{]} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 9
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symbols: & K\textasciitilde{} carrying capacity \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 10
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shape: & S \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
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% Row 0
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{\bf{primary producers}} & (autotrophs) support all other \seqsplit{levels/photosynthetic} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
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{\bf{primary consumers}} & (herbivore) eats plants \& other autotrophs \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
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{\bf{secondary consumers}} & a carnivore that eats herbivores \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
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{\bf{tertiary consumers}} & a carnivore that eats other carnivores \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 4
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{\bf{detritivores (decomposers)}} & consumer that gets its nutrients from nonliving organic material \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 5
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\{\{bt=1\}\} {\bf{primary productivity}} & amount of light energy converted to chemcial energy \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 6
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{\bf{gross primary productivity (GPP)}} & total primary production/ chemical energy \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 7
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{\bf{net primary productivity (NPP)}} & GPP- R`A` (autotrophic respiration) \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 8
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\{\{bt=1\}\} {\bf{secondary productivity}} & energy converted to a consumers biomass (GSP \& NSP) \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
% Row 9
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{\bf{production efficiency}} & \% of energy stored (used for growth in consumers) \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 10
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{\bf{trophic efficiency}} & \% of production transferred between each trophic level (10\%) \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 3)
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\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ecosystem Terms (cont)}}  \tn
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\{\{bt=1\}\}{\bf{net ecosystem production (NEP)}} & GPP -  R`T` (total respiration) \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 12
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{\bf{limiting nutrient}} & element that must be present for production to increase in an area \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- factors that affect primary production: & \seqsplit{temp./moisture/light/nutrients/etc.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Water Cycle}}  \tn
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{evaporation:}} liquid to gas \newline {\bf{condensation:}} gas to a liquid \newline {\bf{ sublimation:}} solid to a gas}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Carbon \& Oxygen Cycle}}  \tn
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nitrogen Cycle}}  \tn
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{nitrogen fixation:}} N2 to NH3 \newline {\bf{ammonification:}} break down organic molecules into NH4+ \newline {\bf{nitrification:}} NH4+ to NO2- to NO3- \newline {\bf{denitrification:}} changes fixed N forms back into N2}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.6 cm} x{4.4 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Interspecific Interactions}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{interspecific interactions}} & relationship between individuals of 2+ species in a community \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{1. COMPETITION}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{interspecific competition}} & competition for resources between individuals of 2+ species \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{comptetive exclusion}} & species compete for a resource but one will be more efficient \& have a reproductive advantage that leads to the elimination of the other \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 7)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{niche}} & species use of biotic \& abiotic resources in its environment \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{resource partitioning}} & division of environmental resources by species such that the niche of each species differs \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 5)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{2. PREDATION}}} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{cryptic coloration}} & camouflage that makes species difficult to spot against its background \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 4)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{aposematic coloration}} & bright warning coloration of animals with physical or chemical defenses \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 4)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.6 cm} x{4.4 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Interspecific Interactions (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Batesian mimicry}} & harmless species looks like a species that is poisonous or harmful \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Mullerian mimicry}} & reciprocal mimicry by 2 species that are unpleasant to eat \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{3. HERBIVORY}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 12
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{↳ organism eats parts of a plant or algae} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 13
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- plants protect themselves by... & chemical toxins \& spines/thorns \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{4. SYMBIOSIS}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{parasitism}} & one organism benefits at the expense of the other \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{mutualism}} & both participants benefit \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{commensalism}} & one organism benefits while the other is neither hurt nor helped \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{5. FACILITATION}}} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{↳ 1 species has a positive effect on the survival and reproduction of another species without intimate association} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Diversity}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{invasive species}} & species that takes hold outside of its native range \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{keystone species}} & species that isn't abundant yet exerts a strong control on the community \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{species diversity}} & variety of different kinds of organism that make up the community \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
↳ two components\textasciitilde{} & species richness \& relative abundance \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
↳ 2 benefits of high species diversity\textasciitilde{} & increased productivity \& stability \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
- latitude \& diversity\textasciitilde{} & equator = high diversity / poles = low diversity \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- geographic area \& diversity\textasciitilde{} & large area = high diversity / small area = low diversity \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ecological Succession}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/kmz-2022_1652125276_ecological succession.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{primary succession:}} occurs in areas where no organisms are present and no soil has formed \newline {\bf{secondary succession:}} occurs where an existing community has been cleared but leaves soil intact \newline {\bf{pioneer species:}} species that are the first to colonize (ex. lichen)}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Plant Adaptations}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{phototropism}} & gorwth of a plant towards (positive) or away (negative) from light \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{coevolution}} & joint evolution of 2 interacting species, each in response to selection imposed by the other \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Pollination}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
wind\textasciitilde{} & pollen grains \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
insects\textasciitilde{} & fragrant \& bright colors \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
bats\textasciitilde{} & open at night \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
birds\textasciitilde{} & bent floral tube \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} {\bf{Germination}}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
desert\textasciitilde{} & after substantial rainfall (soil wet) \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
fire areas\textasciitilde{} & after intense heat (vegetation cleared) \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
harsh winter\textasciitilde{} & after extended exposure to the cold (long growth season) \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
small seeds\textasciitilde{} & after light (poke through the soil) \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
digested\textasciitilde{} & after passed through digestive tract (travel distances) \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Dispersal}}} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
water\textasciitilde{} & buoyant \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 1)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Plant Adaptations (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
wind\textasciitilde{} & winged seeds \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
animals\textasciitilde{} & edible fruits \& burs \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{bt=1\}\} \{\{ac\}\} {\bf{Advantages of Reproduction}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{ac\}\} {\emph{Asexual}} & \{\{ac\}\} {\emph{Sexual}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
1. no pollinator & 1. dispersal of offspring \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
2. pass all genetics (suitable environment) & 2. variation (unstable environment) \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
3. stronger offspring & 3. growth suspended \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}