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\author{kmz\_2022}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (ap-biology-unit-7.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (kmz\_2022)
  /Subject (AP Biology: Unit 7 Cheat Sheet)
}

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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{AP Biology: Unit 7 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{kmz\_2022} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/145729/cs/31763/}}}
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\noindent
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}kmz\_2022 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/kmz-2022} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 10th May, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.12 cm} x{4.88 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Natural Selection Background}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\emph{2 definitions of evolution}}} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{1. descent with modification} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{2. change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 0)
% Row 4
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{\bf{natural selection:}} & individuals with certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce more than others because of those traits \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 5
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{\bf{ artificial selection:}} & breeding to encourage the occurrence of desirable traits \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{*individuals don't evolve, {\emph{populations evolve}}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 7
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{*natural selection only works on traits that differ in individuals} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 8
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{*environmental factors change, so favorable traits change} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.8 cm} p{0.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Important People}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{1. Linnaeus}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{- made the format of naming species} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{- catastrophism:}} catastrophes cause changes in species} \tn 
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% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{3. Hutton}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{- Earth's geological features due to mechanisms still around today (ex. rock cycle)} \tn 
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% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{4. Lyell}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 7
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{- uniformitarianism:}} same processes occurring today also happened in the past} \tn 
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% Row 8
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{5. Lamarck}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 9
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{- use and disuse:}} parts of the body used become more advanced and those not used deteriorate} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 10
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{- inheritance of acquired traits =}} organisms pass modifications to offspring} \tn 
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% Row 11
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{6. Darwin}}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 12
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{- development of the theory of {\emph{natural selection}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Darwin's Evidence for Evolution}}  \tn
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{↳ similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry} \tn 
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% Row 2
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% Row 3
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% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{2. embryology}}} \tn 
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% Row 5
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% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{- convergent evolution:}} similar features in independent evolutionary lineages} \tn 
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% Row 7
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{- analogous structures:}} characteristics that are similar because of convergent evolution} \tn 
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% Row 8
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{3. fossils}}} \tn 
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% Row 9
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- indicate structural similarities between different species} \tn 
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% Row 10
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- document formation of new species} \tn 
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% Row 11
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% Row 12
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{↳ study of the past and present geographic distribution of species} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 13
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{5. artificial selection}}} \tn 
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% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} 3 MECHANISMS THAT CHANGE ALLELE FREQUENCY} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{1. Natural Selection}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{↳ improves the match between organism and the environment} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
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% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{↳ chance events alter allele frequencies} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{↳ {\emph{founder effect\textasciitilde{}}} few individuals isolated from the larger population \& establish a new population} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{↳ {\emph{bottleneck effect\textasciitilde{}}} population is reduced by natural disasters/human actions} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 7
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% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{↳ transfer of alleles between populations (from migration \& mating)} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 9
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 0)
% Row 10
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{genetic variation:}} differences in individuals composition of their genes/DNA segments (ex. mutations)} \tn 
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% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{↳ in sexual reproduction= {\emph{crossing over; independent assortment; fertilization}}} \tn 
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% Row 12
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% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{↳ {\emph{cline\textasciitilde{}}} graded change in a character along a geographic axis} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{(\textasciicircum{} {\emph{microevolution}} \textasciicircum{})}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hardy-Weinberg}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{Hardy-Weinberg principle:}} & frequencies of alleles and genotypes remain constant for each generation \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{↳ Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium predicts the allele frequencies in a nonevolving population} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{5 Conditions}}} \tn 
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{1. NO Mutations}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{2. Random Mating}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{3. NO Natural Selection}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{4. Large Population Size}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{5. No Gene Flow}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{* if one not present -{}-{}- genes evolving} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{(\textasciicircum{} {\emph{microevolution}} \textasciicircum{})}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hardy-Weinberg Equations}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{block}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.28 cm} x{4.72 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Selection}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{relative fitness:}} & contribution an individual makes to the gene pool in relation to their ability to survive in their environment \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} {\bf{{\emph{3 MODES OF SELECTION}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{1. Directional selection}} & favors 1 extreme/side \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{2. Disruptive selection}} & favors both extremes/sides \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{3. Stabilizing selection}} & favors intermediate \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Sexual Selection}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{ sexual selection:}} & individuals with certain characteristics are more likely to obtain a mate \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{sexual dimorphism:}} & differences between secondary sex characteristics of males and females \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{intrasexual selection:}} & competition among individuals of 1 sex for mates \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{intersexual selection:}} & 1 sex choosy in selecting their mates of the other sex \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{heterozygote advantage:}} & better reproductive success of heterozygotes (preserve variation) \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{(\textasciicircum{} {\emph{microevolution}} \textasciicircum{})}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{block}}  \tn
% Row 0
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% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.52 cm} x{4.48 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Speciation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{adaptive radiation}} & period in which organisms form many new species whose adaptations have them fill different niches \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{punctuated equilibrium}} & long periods which a species undergoes little change interrupted by brief periods of sudden change \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{reproductive isolation:}} & biological factors that impede members of 2 species from producing viable, fertile offspring \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{postzygotic barrier:}} & reproductive barrier that prevents hybrid zygotes from developing \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{ hybrid:}} & offspring resulting from the mating of 2 different species \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{prezygotic barrier:}} & reproductive barrier that hinders the fertilization between species \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{border=1\}\}\{\{ac\}\} {\bf{PREZYGOTIC BARRIERS}}} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{1. Habitat isolation}} & different habitats then they never interact \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{2. Temporal isolation}} & breed at different times of the day/seasons/years \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.52 cm} x{4.48 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Speciation (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{3. Behavioral isolation}} & courtship rituals differ \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{4. Mechanical isolation}} & morphological differences \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{5. Gamete isolation}} & sperm can't fertilize egg \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{border=1\}\}\{\{ac\}\} {\bf{POSTZYGOTIC BARRIERS}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{1. Reduced hybrid viability}} & genes of parents impair hybrid development/survival \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{2. Reduced hybrid fertility}} & hybrid sterile due to chromosomes from parents \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{3. Hybrid breakdown}} & when hybrids mate, offspring are feeble/sterile \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{border=1\}\}\{\{ac\}\} {\bf{Species Concepts}}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{a.}} {\emph{morphological}} & by body shape/structural features \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{b.}} {\emph{ecological}} & by ecological niche \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{c.}} {\emph{phylogenetic}} & smallest group that share a common ancestor \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{d.}}{\emph{* biological*}} & by inbreeding of members \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{↳ limitations: designates absence of gene flow \& doesn't apply to asexual organisms} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{border=1\}\}\{\{ac\}\} {\bf{Speciation Types}}} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 1)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{a.}}{\emph{ allopatric speciation}} & when a species is geographically isolated from original population \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.52 cm} x{4.48 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Speciation (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{↳ geographic separation → mutations → reproductive isolation → speciation} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{b.}} {\emph{sympatric speciation}} & when a species is isolated with NO geographic isolation \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{↳ ex). disruptive selection; polyploidy; lateral transfer} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{c.}} {\emph{parapatric speciation}} & when species interbreed over a geographic continuum \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{↳ ex). clines- elevation change} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{(\textasciicircum{} {\emph{macroevolution}} \textasciicircum{})}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.96 cm} x{5.04 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Phylogeny}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{phylogeny}} & evolutionary history of a species/group of organisms \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{phylogenetic tree}} & branching diagram representing the evolutionary history of organisms \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{taxonomy}} & naming and classifying forms of life \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{taxon}} & taxonomic unit at any given level of classification \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{cladistics}} & organisms are placed into groups called clades based on common descent \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{clade}} & groups of species that includes an ancestral species \& ALL its descents \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{monophyletic group}} & a common ancestor \& ALL its descendents \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{ paraphyletic group}} & a common ancestor \& SOME of its descendants \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{ polyphyletic group}} & derived from 2+ different ancestors \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{outgroup}} & group that is least closely related to the other oganisms \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{ancestral character}} & character shared by members of a certain clade originated in an ancestor not a member of the clade \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.96 cm} x{5.04 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Phylogeny (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{ derived character}} & character that is new/unique to a certain clade \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Phylogenetic Tree vs. Cladogram}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/kmz-2022_1650921778_phylogeny.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{* represent hypotheses}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.84 cm} x{6.16 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Binomial Nomenclature}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- made by: & {\emph{Linnaeus}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
- two parts: & genus \& species \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- rules: & first word capitalized, second lowercase \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & all italicized/underlined \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} {\bf{8 LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} (Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup)} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}  {\bf{D}}omain → {\bf{K}}ingdom → {\bf{P}}hylum → {\bf{C}}lass → {\bf{O}}rder → {\bf{F}}amily → {\bf{G}}enus → {\bf{S}}pecies} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Kingdoms \& Domains}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/kmz-2022_1650922660_kingdoms.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{* protista kingdom not really considered (closely related to the other eukarya kingdoms) \newline * evidence of common ancestry of all eukaryotes = {\emph{membrane-bound organelles, linear chromosomes, \& introns}}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.28 cm} x{4.72 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Prokaryotes Information}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{(bacteria, archaea, \& protists)} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{capsule/slime layer}} & protects against dehydration/shield against immune system \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{fimbriae}} & hair like appendages used to attach to host \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{pilli}} & appendages that pull 2 cells together \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{nucleoid}} & region in a prokaryotic cell where DNA is located \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{positive chemotaxis}} & movement TOWARDS nutrients/oxygen \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{ negative chemotaxis}} & movement AWAY from a toxic substance \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{endospore}} & can survive in harsh/insufficient environments (dormant but viable) \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{bt=2\}\}\{\{ac\}\} {\bf{POPULATION GROWTH}}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
- in ideal lab conditions = & 20 minutes \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- typical human intestines = & 12-24 hours \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{bb=1\}\}\{\{ac\}\} {\emph{4 Limitations}}} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{1. {\emph{exhaust}} nutrient supply} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{2. {\emph{poison}} themselves with metabolic wastes} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{3. {\emph{competition}} from other microorganisms} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{4. {\emph{consumed}} by other organisms} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bacterial DNA Transfer Types}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/kmz-2022_1650924183_bacterial dna transfer.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{transformation:}} assimilation of external DNA \newline {\bf{ transduction:}} viruses carry bacterial DNA from one cell to another \newline {\bf{ conjugation:}} direct transfer of DNA}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.2 cm} x{4.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Endosymbiosis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Mitochondria\textasciitilde{}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{- first eukaryotes acquired mitochondria by engulfing an aerobic prokaryote} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{↳ evidence: DNA data \& found in all eukaryotes} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Plasids\textasciitilde{}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{- eukaryotes acquired photosynthetic bacterium that evolved into plastids} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{↳ evidence: plastid and photosynthetic bacterium genes closely resemble} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{secondary endosymbiosis}} & process in which a eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthetic eukaryotic cell \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.52 cm} x{4.48 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Early Earth}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{- Miller \& Urey experiment: }} & demonstrated how the atmosphere could spontaneously produce organic molecules \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{↳ other possible source of organic molecules: {\emph{volcanoes or deep-sea vents}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{protocell}} & abiotic precursor of a living cell that had an internal chemistry different from its surroundings \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{↳ created spontaneously when {\emph{lipids are added to water}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{*RNA World}} & life on Earth began with an RNA molecule that could copy itself \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{↳ {\bf{ribozymes\textasciitilde{}}} enzyme that makes copies of RNA} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{bt=2\}\}{\bf{\{\{ac\}\} EVENTS}}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{1. earth formation} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{2. stromatolites/oldest cells (unicellular)} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{3. photosynthetic bacteria (releases O`2`)} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{4. aerobic respiration} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{5. eukaryotic organisms} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{6. sexual reproduction} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{7. \seqsplit{multicellular/terrestrial} algae} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{bb=1\}\}* more O`2` in atmosphere helps ozone protect against radiation} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Cambrian explosion}} & brief time in history when there was an explosion of land \& water diversity \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.52 cm} x{4.48 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Early Earth (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{↳ claws \& defensive adaptation become present} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
mass extinction causes... & volcanic eruptions; asteroids/comets; human actions \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.52 cm} x{4.48 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fossils}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{\{\{ar\}\} FOSSILIZATION }} & {\bf{RATES}}\{\{width=50\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{border=1\}\}\{\{ac\}\}HIGH & \{\{border=1\}\}\{\{ac\}\}LOW \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- existed a long time & \{\{bl=1\}\}- existed a short time \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
- \seqsplit{abundant/widespread} & \{\{bl=1\}\}- not abundant \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- hard shells/skeleton & \{\{bl=1\}\}- soft/no shell/ no skeleton \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
- sedimentary rock & \{\{bl=1\}\}- not in sediments \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{bt=1\}\} {\bf{radiometric dating}} & \{\{bt=1\}\}method to determine absolute age based on half-life \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
- isotope used: & carbon 14 (becomes nitrogen 14) \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}