\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article}

% Packages
\usepackage{fancyhdr}           % For header and footer
\usepackage{multicol}           % Allows multicols in tables
\usepackage{tabularx}           % Intelligent column widths
\usepackage{tabulary}           % Used in header and footer
\usepackage{hhline}             % Border under tables
\usepackage{graphicx}           % For images
\usepackage{xcolor}             % For hex colours
%\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}    % For unicode character support
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}        % Without this we get weird character replacements
\usepackage{colortbl}           % For coloured tables
\usepackage{setspace}           % For line height
\usepackage{lastpage}           % Needed for total page number
\usepackage{seqsplit}           % Splits long words.
%\usepackage{opensans}          % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely.
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}     % For underlining links
% Most of the following are not required for the majority
% of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support.
\usepackage{amsmath}            % Symbols
\usepackage{MnSymbol}           % Symbols
\usepackage{wasysym}            % Symbols
%\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel}              % Languages

% Document Info
\author{kmz\_2022}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (ap-biology-unit-6.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (kmz\_2022)
  /Subject (AP Biology: Unit 6 Cheat Sheet)
}

% Lengths and widths
\addtolength{\textwidth}{6cm}
\addtolength{\textheight}{-1cm}
\addtolength{\hoffset}{-3cm}
\addtolength{\voffset}{-2cm}
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.2cm} % Space between columns
\setlength{\headsep}{-12pt} % Reduce space between header and content
\setlength{\headheight}{85pt} % If less, LaTeX automatically increases it
\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove footer line
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove header line
\renewcommand{\seqinsert}{\ifmmode\allowbreak\else\-\fi} % Hyphens in seqsplit
% This two commands together give roughly
% the right line height in the tables
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3}
\onehalfspacing

% Commands
\newcommand{\SetRowColor}[1]{\noalign{\gdef\RowColorName{#1}}\rowcolor{\RowColorName}} % Shortcut for row colour
\newcommand{\mymulticolumn}[3]{\multicolumn{#1}{>{\columncolor{\RowColorName}}#2}{#3}} % For coloured multi-cols
\newcolumntype{x}[1]{>{\raggedright}p{#1}} % New column types for ragged-right paragraph columns
\newcommand{\tn}{\tabularnewline} % Required as custom column type in use

% Font and Colours
\definecolor{HeadBackground}{HTML}{333333}
\definecolor{FootBackground}{HTML}{666666}
\definecolor{TextColor}{HTML}{333333}
\definecolor{DarkBackground}{HTML}{0D85FC}
\definecolor{LightBackground}{HTML}{EFF7FE}
\renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault}
\color{TextColor}

% Header and Footer
\pagestyle{fancy}
\fancyhead{} % Set header to blank
\fancyfoot{} % Set footer to blank
\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
    \SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
    }
\end{tabulary}
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{AP Biology: Unit 6 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{kmz\_2022} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/145729/cs/31719/}}}
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}

\fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}kmz\_2022 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/kmz-2022} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 18th April, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
  \SetRowColor{white}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
\raggedright
\raggedcolumns

% Set font size to small. Switch to any value
% from this page to resize cheat sheet text:
% www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html
\footnotesize % Small font.

\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4.32 cm} x{3.68 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Early Genetics}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- biochemical group first thought to contain genetic information = & proteins \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{bb=1\}\}\{\{bl=1\}\}\{\{bt=1\}\}{\bf{Griffith bacterium experiment\textasciitilde{}}} & \{\{bt=1\}\}\{\{br=1\}\}\{\{bb=1\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{bl=1\}\}smooth strain (S) & outer capsule; pathogenic\{\{br=1\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{bl=1\}\}rough strain (R) & NO capsule; NOT pathogenic\{\{br=1\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{bl=1\}\}{\emph{Conclusion\textasciitilde{}}} & \{\{br=1\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{bl=1\}\}R cells combined w/ killed S cells transformed into living S cells & \{\{br=1\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{bb=1\}\}\{\{bl=1\}\}\{\{bt=1\}\}{\bf{Avery bacterium experiment\textasciitilde{}}} & \{\{bt=1\}\}\{\{br=1\}\}\{\{bb=1\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{bl=1\}\}- deactivated parts of dead S cells to find what transformed the cells & \{\{br=1\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 4)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{bl=1\}\}{\emph{Conclusion\textasciitilde{}}} & \{\{br=1\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{bl=1\}\}DNA transforms the bacteria & \{\{br=1\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{bb=1\}\}\{\{bl=1\}\}\{\{bt=1\}\}{\bf{Hershey \& Chase DNA experiment\textasciitilde{}}} & \{\{bt=1\}\}\{\{br=1\}\}\{\{bb=1\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{bl=1\}\}phages reproduced in presence of DNA (not proteins) & \{\{br=1\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4.32 cm} x{3.68 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Early Genetics (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{bl=1\}\}{\emph{Conclusion\textasciitilde{}}} & \{\{br=1\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{bl=1\}\}DNA is the genetic material & \{\{br=1\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{bb=1\}\}\{\{bl=1\}\}\{\{bt=1\}\}{\bf{Chargaff nucleotide experiment\textasciitilde{}}} & \{\{bt=1\}\}\{\{br=1\}\}\{\{bb=1\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{bl=1\}\}{\emph{Conclusions\textasciitilde{}}} & \{\{br=1\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{bl=1\}\}base composition varies between each species (diff. \% nucleotides) & \{\{br=1\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{bl=1\}\}\{\{bb=1\}\}\# of nitrogenous bases equaled (A=T  G=C) & \{\{bb=1\}\}\{\{br=1\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4.24 cm} x{3.76 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DNA Structure}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- x-ray crystallography images of DNA by: & Rosalind Franklin \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{↳ DNA is a helical shape} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- construction of the double helix model by: & Watson \& Crick \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
- purines (2 rings) & A \& G \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- pyrimidines (1 ring) & T \& C \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
- A pairs with T by... & 2 H bonds \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- C pairs with G by... & 3 H bonds \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
- base pairs present in 1 helix turn = & 10 \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{antiparallel:}} & subunits run in opposite directions \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.584 cm} x{2.508 cm} x{2.508 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DNA Replication Experiment}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- experiment done by: & Meselson \& Stahl &  \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Prediction}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{replication style}} & {\bf{\# bands 1st rep.}} & {\bf{\# bands 2nd rep.}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{conservative}} & 2 & 2 \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{semiconservative}} & 1 & 2 \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{dispersive}} & 1 & 1 \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Results}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\# bands 1st rep. & 1 &  \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\# bands 2nd rep. & 2 &  \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
conclusion = & \seqsplit{semiconservative} &  \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Replication Process}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{origin of replication:}} & site where the replication of DNA molecules begins \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{ replication fork:}} & Y-shaped region on the replicating DNA molecule \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{- E. coli}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{↳ 1 replication origin} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{↳ 500 nucleotides/sec} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{- human}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{↳ 100s-1000s of replication origins} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{↳ 50 nucleotides/sec} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{- 2 items required to start replication:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
1. primer & 2. DNA template strand \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{- how added nucleotides bring energy:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{↳ nucleotides carried by triphosphate} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{↳ DNA polymerase catalyzes triphosphate} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{↳ 2 phosphates are released} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- DNA polymerase adds to the... & 3' end \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
 & (elongates from 5' to 3') \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- lagging strand created from series of... & Okazaki fragments \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Replication}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/kmz-2022_1650137444_dna replication.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{helicase:}} enzyme that unwinds \& separates the DNA strands \newline {\bf{topoisomerase:}} enzyme that breaks, swivels, \& rejoins the DNA \newline {\bf{primase:}} enzyme that synthesizes RNA primers \newline {\bf{primer:}} a short sequence of RNA that starts Okazaki fragments  \newline {\bf{polymerase III:}} enzyme that adds nucleotides \newline {\bf{polymerase I:}} enzyme that removes the primer and replaces the nucleotides \newline {\bf{ligase:}} enzyme that forms the final bonds between the fragments and nucleotides}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Errors in DNA}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{-}} as replication occurs, DNA polymerase finds \& corrects any mistakes -{}-{}-{}- {\emph{reducing the error rate}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{-}} change in the DNA nucleotide is {\emph{permanent/mutation}} when -{}-{}-{}- {\emph{the pair is replicated}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{-}} changes in DNA nucleotides due to...} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{↳}} {\bf{1.}} replication errors {\bf{2.}} chemicals {\bf{3.}} x-rays {\bf{4.}} spontaneously} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{telomeres:}} multiple repetitions of a short nucleotide sequence at the end of a chromosome} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{↳}} buffer zone to delay erosion of the genes as they get replicated} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{telomerase:}} enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres (restore original length)} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{ histone:}} protein responsible for the first level of packing of chromosomes} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{nucleosome:}} segment of DNA wound around a protein unit} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Gene Expression Background}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{gene:}} & region of DNA expressed to produce a functional product (polypeptide/RNA molecule) \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{ transcription:}} & synthesis of RNA from DNA template \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{ translation:}} & synthesis of proteins from encoded mRNA \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{ primary transcript:}} & initial RNA transcript from any gene (pre-mRNA) \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{ codon:}} & 3 nucleotide sequence that specifies a particular amino acid \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{- eukaryotes\textasciitilde{}}} & transcribe DNA to pre-mRNA \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & from nucleus to ribosome \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{- prokaryotes\textasciitilde{}}} & transcribe DNA to mRNA \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & from cytoplasm to ribosome \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Transcription}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{RNA polymerase:}} & enzyme that controls the transcription of DNA to RNA \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{↳}} pries DNA strands apart \& joins the RNA nucleotides} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{↳}} moves 3' to 5' & (strand formed 5' to 3') \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{↳}} attaches at the {\bf{promoter}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{border=1\}\}\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{3 STAGES OF TRANSCRIPTION}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{bb=1\}\}{\bf{{\emph{1. Initiation}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{- transcription factors:}} & protein that allows for polymerase to attach to DNA and transcribe \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
- 3 items to make up transcription initiation complex = & transcription factors, RNA polymerase, \& promoter \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{- TATA box:}} & promoter that is 20-25 nucleotide from the starting point \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{* prokaryotes have NO transcription factors} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{bb=1\}\}{\bf{{\emph{ 2. Elongation}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{a. {\emph{10-20}} nucleotides exposed at a time} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{b. nucleotides added to the {\emph{3' end}} of the RNA molecule} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
- difference between RNA \& DNA nucleotides = & different sugars \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- nucleotide RNA that DNA doesn't have... & {\emph{uracil}} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Transcription (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- RNA \& DNA nucleotides held together by... & {\emph{hydrogen bonds}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{bb=1\}\}{\bf{{\emph{ 3. Termination}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{a. transcription of the {\emph{polyadenylation signal}} adds nucleotides of AAUAAA to RNA} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{b. protein cuts the pre-mRNA from polymerase = end of process!} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Transcription Diagram}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/kmz-2022_1650309430_transcription.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Pre-mRNA Modification}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{-}} 5' end receives {\bf{5' cap}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{-}} 3' end receives {\bf{poly-A tail}} (enzyme adds 50-250 more A nucleotides)} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{↳ {\emph{facilitate export}} from nucleus} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{↳ {\emph{protect mRNA}} from hydrolytic enzymes} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{↳ {\emph{help ribosomes attach}} to end of mRNA} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{bt=1\}\}{\bf{RNA splicing:}} & \{\{bt=1\}\}process of removing RNA sections from pre-mRNA \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{- introns:}} & noncoding sequences of pre-mRNA \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{- exons:}} & sequences of pre-mRNA used for translation \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{-}} 3 benefits of introns:} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{↳ make many differnet polypeptides} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{↳ discrete structural/functional regions} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{↳ increase exon shuffling (new protein function)} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{bt=1\}\}{\bf{ ribozymes:}} & \{\{bt=1\}\}RNA molecule that functions as an enzyme \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
 & (create 3D structure; contain functional groups; H bond w/ DNA or RNA) \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ribosome Structure}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/kmz-2022_1650314209_ribosome.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{tRNA:}} transfers amino acids from cytoplasm to ribosomes (\& contain anticodon) \newline ↳ {\bf{anticodon:}} nucleotide triplet on tRNA molecule \newline ↳{\bf{'wobble':}} flexible base pairing at the 3rd codon position \newline - \# of amino acids used= {\emph{20}} \newline {\bf{-makeup of a ribosome:}} \newline - {\emph{large \& small subunit}}\textasciitilde{} made of proteins and rRNAs \newline (eukaryotes in nucleolus \& prokaryotes in cytoplasm)}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.76 cm} x{4.24 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Translation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{border=1\}\}\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{{\emph{3 STAGES OF TRANSLATION}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{bb=1\}\}{\bf{1. Initiation}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{a. small subunit binds to mRNA \& initiator tRNA} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
b. {\emph{ translation initiator complex=}} & attachment of large subunit (\& initiation factors) \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{bb=1\}\}{\bf{2. Elongation}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
a. codon recognition- & anticodon of tRNA pairs w. mRNA codon \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
b. peptide bond formation- & removes polypeptide from tRNA by forming peptide bond \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
c. translocation- & empty tRNA released \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{* ribosome moves 5' to 3'} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{bb=1\}\}{\bf{3. Termination}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
a. stop codon- & "release" factor accepted \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
b. hydrolysis of bond- & freeing polypeptide \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
c. subunits dissociate- & mRNA can be used again \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Translation Diagram}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/kmz-2022_1650314765_translation.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{polyribosomes:}} series of ribosomes moving over an mRNA at the same time \newline {\bf{chaperone protein:}} proteins that assist polypeptides in forming 3D structures \newline {\bf{signal peptides:}} sequence of amino acids at beginning of polypeptide tagging it to where it will go}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nucleotide Mutations}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/kmz-2022_1650316967_nucleotide mutations.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{point mutation:}} change in a single nucleotide \newline {\bf{ frameshift mutation:}} change in nucleotide \# to not be a multiple of 3 \newline ↳ may still code for same amino acid \newline ↳ may code for stop codon early \newline ↳ may result in protein not functioning properly}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.68 cm} x{4.32 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Regulation of Gene Expression}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{- responds to changes in environmental conditions} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{- either adjusts {\bf{activity}} of enzymes present or {\bf{production}} of enzymes} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- 3 things to make up an {\emph{operon}}: & operator; promoter; genes \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{operator:}} & segment of DNA within promoter that controls the access of RNA polymerase to the genes \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{repressor:}} & protein that binds to operator to block attachment of RNA polymerase \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{↳ made by activity of {\emph{regulatory gene}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{repressible operon:}} & transcription is inhibited by small molecule binding to regulatory protein \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{inducible operon:}} & stimulated when small molecule binds to regulatory protein \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Lac Operon}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/kmz-2022_1650318655_lac operon.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{- high lactose}} = allolactose bind to repressor to change shape \& no longer attach \newline {\emph{- low glucose}} = high levels of cAMP combine with CAP}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Differential Gene Expression}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- differential gene expression = different cell types} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- 3 processes of development:} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{1.}} cell division {\bf{2.}} cell differentiation {\bf{3.}} morphogenesis} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{cytoplasmic determinants:}} substances in the egg that influence the course of early development} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{induction:}} embryonic cells influence the development of another (change in gene expression)} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{homeotic genes:}} genes that control pattern formation as an organism develops} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Biotechnology}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Gel electrophoresis}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- separates DNA by size and charge} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- DNA negatively charges} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{↳ smaller segments = farther to bottom} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- create many copies of DNA segment} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{↳ DNA denatured → primers added → DNA replicated} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Recombinant DNA}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- DNA segment put into plasmid to be reproduced} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{DNA Sequencing}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- establish the order of nucleotides} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{↳ labeled with dye} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}