\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article}

% Packages
\usepackage{fancyhdr}           % For header and footer
\usepackage{multicol}           % Allows multicols in tables
\usepackage{tabularx}           % Intelligent column widths
\usepackage{tabulary}           % Used in header and footer
\usepackage{hhline}             % Border under tables
\usepackage{graphicx}           % For images
\usepackage{xcolor}             % For hex colours
%\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}    % For unicode character support
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}        % Without this we get weird character replacements
\usepackage{colortbl}           % For coloured tables
\usepackage{setspace}           % For line height
\usepackage{lastpage}           % Needed for total page number
\usepackage{seqsplit}           % Splits long words.
%\usepackage{opensans}          % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely.
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}     % For underlining links
% Most of the following are not required for the majority
% of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support.
\usepackage{amsmath}            % Symbols
\usepackage{MnSymbol}           % Symbols
\usepackage{wasysym}            % Symbols
%\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel}              % Languages

% Document Info
\author{kmz\_2022}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (ap-biology-unit-4.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (kmz\_2022)
  /Subject (AP Biology: Unit 4 Cheat Sheet)
}

% Lengths and widths
\addtolength{\textwidth}{6cm}
\addtolength{\textheight}{-1cm}
\addtolength{\hoffset}{-3cm}
\addtolength{\voffset}{-2cm}
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.2cm} % Space between columns
\setlength{\headsep}{-12pt} % Reduce space between header and content
\setlength{\headheight}{85pt} % If less, LaTeX automatically increases it
\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove footer line
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove header line
\renewcommand{\seqinsert}{\ifmmode\allowbreak\else\-\fi} % Hyphens in seqsplit
% This two commands together give roughly
% the right line height in the tables
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3}
\onehalfspacing

% Commands
\newcommand{\SetRowColor}[1]{\noalign{\gdef\RowColorName{#1}}\rowcolor{\RowColorName}} % Shortcut for row colour
\newcommand{\mymulticolumn}[3]{\multicolumn{#1}{>{\columncolor{\RowColorName}}#2}{#3}} % For coloured multi-cols
\newcolumntype{x}[1]{>{\raggedright}p{#1}} % New column types for ragged-right paragraph columns
\newcommand{\tn}{\tabularnewline} % Required as custom column type in use

% Font and Colours
\definecolor{HeadBackground}{HTML}{333333}
\definecolor{FootBackground}{HTML}{666666}
\definecolor{TextColor}{HTML}{333333}
\definecolor{DarkBackground}{HTML}{27DE02}
\definecolor{LightBackground}{HTML}{F1FCEF}
\renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault}
\color{TextColor}

% Header and Footer
\pagestyle{fancy}
\fancyhead{} % Set header to blank
\fancyfoot{} % Set footer to blank
\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
    \SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
    }
\end{tabulary}
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{AP Biology: Unit 4 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{kmz\_2022} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/145729/cs/31597/}}}
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}

\fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}kmz\_2022 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/kmz-2022} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 11th April, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
  \SetRowColor{white}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
\raggedright
\raggedcolumns

% Set font size to small. Switch to any value
% from this page to resize cheat sheet text:
% www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html
\footnotesize % Small font.

\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.44 cm} x{4.56 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cell Signals}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{ 1. Direct Contact}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{↳ plasmodesmata of plants\textasciitilde{}}} & open channels through the cell wall connecting adjacent cells allowing substances to pass between \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{↳ cell-cell recognition\textasciitilde{}}} & interaction between molecules protruding from their surfaces (immune cells) \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{ 2. Local Signaling}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{↳ paracrine signaling\textasciitilde{}}} & secreting cell acts on nearby target cells by discharging growth factor molecules \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{↳ synaptic signaling\textasciitilde{}}} & nerve cells release neurotransmitter molecules into synapse \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{3. Long Distance}}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{↳ animal hormones\textasciitilde{}}} & cells secrete hormones into body fluids to target cell \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{↳ plant hormones\textasciitilde{}}} & hormones move through the cells (by xylem) or diffuse through the air as a gas \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.28 cm} x{4.72 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Step 1: Reception}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{- ligand:}} & molecule that binds specifically to another molecule \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
- plasma membrane receptors: & transmit information from extracellular environment to inside of the cell by changing shape or aggregating when a ligand binds \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
↳ cell surface receptors\textasciitilde{} & {\emph{1. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\emph{2. receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK)}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\emph{3. ligand gates ion channels}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{↳ intracellular receptor proteins} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{G Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/kmz-2022_1649532189_g protein-coupled receptor.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{- function/activity:}} 1. embryonic development 2. sensory reception (smell, vision, etc.) \newline {\bf{*GPCR Sequence*}} \newline {\bf{↳ receptor is activated \& changes shape}} \newline {\bf{↳ binds to inactive G protein = GTP to replace GDP (activating G protein)}} \newline {\bf{↳ G protein binds to an enzyme (change in shape/activity)}} \newline {\bf{↳ enzyme triggers next step for response}} \newline {\bf{↳ G protein inactivates by hydrolyzing  bound GATP to GDP}}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTK)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/kmz-2022_1649601844_SharedScreenshot.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{- kinase: enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups}} \newline - differs from GPCR by triggering {\emph{many pathways}} \newline {\bf{ *RTK Sequence*}} \newline {\emph{↳ binding of signal causes 2 receptor monomers to come together = dimer}} \newline {\emph{↳ tyrosine kinase region activated by ATP (adds a phosphate group)}} \newline {\emph{↳ receptor recognized by relay proteins}} \newline {\emph{↳ proteins bind (change shape) \& activates protein}} \newline {\emph{↳ transduction/response triggered}}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{block}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ligand Gated Ion Channels}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/kmz-2022_1649603060_Screenshot 2021-09-25 184803.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{- for larger/hydrophilic molecules}} \newline - can be controlled by electrical conditions -{}- {\emph{voltage-gated ion channels}} \newline {\bf{ *Ligand Channel Sequence*}} \newline {\emph{↳ signal molecule causes receptor gate to open/close}} \newline {\emph{↳ ions flow through (NA\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} or Ca\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{})}}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4.24 cm} x{3.76 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Intracellular Receptor Proteins}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{2 areas present\textasciitilde{}}} & cytoplasm \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & nucleus of target cells \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{3 signal molecule types\textasciitilde{}}} & 1. steroid hormones \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 2. thyroid hormones \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 3. nitric oxide \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{- once receptor protein is activated the signal molecules enter the nucleus and turn on specific genes} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Step 2: Transduction}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{molecular interactions relay signals from receptors to target molecules in the cell} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & ex) phosphorylation cascade; second messengers \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{- signal amplification:}} & molecules in a pathway transmit the signal to many molecules at the next step \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
- advantage of multistep pathway responses\textasciitilde{} & more coordination \& regulation (fine-tuning of response) \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Protein Phosphorylation}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/kmz-2022_1649604192_phosphorylation.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{- protein phosphatases:}} enzymes that remove phosphate groups (dephosphorylation) \newline - acts as a molecular switch to turn activities on/off or up/down \newline {\bf{*Phosphorylation Sequence*}} \newline {\emph{↳ a molecules receive phosphate group from ATP (serine \& threonine) = phosphorylation}} \newline {\emph{↳ next molecule is activated in the pathway}} \newline {\emph{↳ process continues to trigger response}}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Second Messengers}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/kmz-2022_1649632145_second messenger.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{- second messenger:}} small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecule/ion in transduction pathways \newline ex) cAMP, Ca\textasciicircum{}2+\textasciicircum{} \newline - {\emph{cAMP}} level rise when epinephrine binds to liver membrane receptors  \newline ↳ causing a break down of glucose  \newline ↳ levels go back down from phosphodiesterase (cAMP to AMP) \newline - 3 possible responses to {\emph{calcium}} = \newline ↳ 1. muscle cell contration 2. secretion of substances 3. cell division \newline ↳ calcium released from ER when signal molecule (IP3) binds to cell}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Step 3: Response}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{- cell signaling leads to {\emph{regulation of transcription}}/cytoplasmic activities} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{- many pathways {\emph{regulate protein synthesis}} by turning specific genes on/off} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{4 FINE TUNING RESPONSE}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{1. signal amplification\textasciitilde{}}} & \# of activated products gets increasingly bigger \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & proteins process many molecules \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{2. specificity of signaling \& coordination of response\textasciitilde{}}} & different kinds of cells have different collections of proteins (diff. responses from same signal) \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 5)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{3. efficiency\textasciitilde{}}} & {\emph{scaffolding proteins:}} large relay proteins w/ several relay proteins attached \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & creates more than one pathway \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{4. termination of signal\textasciitilde{}}} & reverse change from prior signal to receive new one \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & by dephosphorization of relay proteins \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Apoptosis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{" programmed cell death"} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{- general process\textasciitilde{}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{↳ DNA chopped up \& organelles fragmented} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{↳ cell shrinks \& becomes lobe shaped} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{↳ cell's parts are packaged into vesicles} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{↳ cell parts engulfed \& digested by scavenger cells} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{- processes this is needed for\textasciitilde{}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{1. development of nervous system} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{2. operation of immune system} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{3. morphogenesis of hands/feet/paws} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cell Cycle Background}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- what two organism have cell division the same as reproduction? & 1. prokaryotes 2. unicellular eukaryotes \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
- what are the roles of cell division? & ↳ growth, repair, reproduction, \& replacement \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- how do the genomes of prokaryotes \& eukaryotes differ? & ↳ eukaryotes\textasciitilde{} \# of DNA molecules; larger; linear DNA; lots of non-coding DNA \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & ↳ prokaryotes\textasciitilde{} single DNA molecule; smaller; looped DNA; more coding DNA \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{- somatic cell:}} & any cell in an organism except reproductive cells (body cells) \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{- sister chromosome:}} & 2 copies of a duplicated chromosome attached at the centromere \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{- mitosis:}} & process of nuclear division (P, PM, M, A, T) \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{- cytokinesis:}} & division of the cytoplasm to form 2 separate daughter cells \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{- centromeres}} & produce microtubules (in plants \& animals) \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cell Cycle Background (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{- centrioles}} & microtubules that spindle fibers attach to (in animals only) \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{- binary fission:}} & asexual reproduction by "division in half" (prokaryotes \& unicellular eukaryotes) \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{- origin of replication:}} & site where replication of DNA molecule begins \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{- density-dependent inhibition:}} & cell stop dividing when in contact with one another \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{- anchorage dependence:}} & cell must attach to a substance in order to divide \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cell Cycle Diagram}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/kmz-2022_1649710984_cell cycle.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Interphase}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{- 3 sub phases of interphase\textasciitilde{}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{↳ G`1` phase (first gap)= }} & cell growth \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{↳ S phase (synthesis)= }} & DNA replication \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{↳ G`2` phase (second gap)= }} & cell components double (prep to divide) \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{- different rates of division\textasciitilde{}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{↳ skin cells =}} & divide frequently \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{↳liver cells =}} & divide when needed \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{↳ nerve/muscle cells = }} & don't divide at all \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{- 3 major checkpoints\textasciitilde{}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{1. G`1`}}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{2. G`2`}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{3. Metaphase}}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{- platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF):}} & made by platelets to help heal wounds \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
 & PDGF bind to membrane receptor ➜  transduction pathway triggered ➜ cell passes G`1` checkpoint ➜ cell division \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{G`1` Checkpoint}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/kmz-2022_1649709449_G1 checkpoint.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- a.k.a. 'restriction point' \newline {\bf{↳ if gets go-ahead signal... continues on to divide}} \newline {\bf{↳ if doesn't get go-ahead signal... exits cycle/goes into G0 phase (nondividing)}}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{G`2` Checkpoint}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/kmz-2022_1649709825_G2 checkpoint.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{- protein kinases:}} give go-ahead signal at G1 \& G2 checkpoints \newline {\bf{- cyclins:}} attach to kinases to make them active \newline {\bf{↳ cyclin-dependent kinases (cdk) \& cyclin combine to form...MPF (maturation-promoting factors)}} \newline {\bf{↳ MPF formation occurs when cyclin accumulates = mitosis initiated}} \newline {\bf{↳ MPF breaks down during anaphase}} (cyclin destroyed; cdk stays to be reused)}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Metaphase Checkpoint}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/kmz-2022_1649710312_m phase checkpoint.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- anaphase won't begin until {\emph{chromosomes are properly attached to spindles}}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cancer}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- cancer cells are a change in 1+ genes that result in... & faulty cell cycle control \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
- normal cell cycle amount = & {\emph{20-50 times}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- cancer cell cycle amount = & {\emph{continuous}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{- benign tumor:}} & cells that are NOT capable of surviving at a new site (slow growing; small; localized) \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{- malignant tumor:}} & cancerous tumor capable of surviving in a new site (fast growing; large; invasive) \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{- metastasis:}} & the spread of cancer cells to a different location from the original site \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}