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% Document Info
\author{kmz\_2022}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (ap-biology-unit-2.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (kmz\_2022)
  /Subject (AP Biology: Unit 2 Cheat Sheet)
}

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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
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    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{AP Biology: Unit 2 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{kmz\_2022} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/145729/cs/31531/}}}
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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}kmz\_2022 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/kmz-2022} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 7th April, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




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\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.44 cm} x{4.56 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Prokaryotes vs. Eurkaryotes}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Similarities\textasciitilde{}}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{1.}} bound by plasma membrane} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{2.}} contains cytoplasm} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{3.}} contains chromosomes} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{4.}} contains ribosomes} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Differences\textasciitilde{}}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
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\{\{border=1\}\} {\bf{prokaryotes}} & \{\{border=1\}\}{\bf{eukaryotes}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 7
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- DNA in nucleoid & \{\{bl=1\}\} - DNA in nucleus \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 8
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- no membrane-bound organelles & \{\{bl=1\}\} - cytoplasm with membrane-bound organelles \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 9
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- smaller size & \{\{bl=1\}\} - larger size \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 10
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- smaller ribosomes & \{\{bl=1\}\} - larger ribosomes \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 11
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- circular DNA & \{\{bl=1\}\} - linear DNA \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Surface Area}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{large S.A. to volume ratio to...   }}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}perform cellular metabolism more efficiently \& exchange materials with environment more efficiently} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{as cell increases in volume and S.A. decreases...}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}a higher demand of resources creates a limitation} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{microvilli:}}}} long finger-like projections} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}increase S.A. (little change to volume)} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{compartmentalization =}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}metabolic processes can happen simultaneously \& enzymes built into membrane (for metabolism)} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Plasma Membrane}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/kmz-2022_1649277973_plasma membrane.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{- selective permeability:}} regulates the passage of substances across the membrane \newline {\bf{- 'fluid mosaic':}} (1) phospholipid bilayer that shifts and moves (2) various proteins embedded   \newline {\emph{- phospholipids}}→ hydrophilic head (polar) \& hydrophobic tail (nonpolar) \newline {\emph{- cholesterol}}→ regulates fluidity of membrane as temp. changes ("fluidity buffer") \newline {\emph{- glycolipids}}→ membrane carbohydrates bonded to lipids \newline {\emph{- glycoproteins}}→ membrane carbohydrates bonded to proteins}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Membrane Activity}}  \tn
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{\bf{CAN enter}} & {\bf{CAN'T enter}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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small nonpolar molecules (gases) & ions \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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hydrophobic molecules & hydrophilic molecules (charged) \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
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small polar molecules (water) & large polar molecules (glucose) \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6 Membrane Protein Functions}}  \tn
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{- integral proteins:}} throughout the hydrophobic interior \newline {\emph{- peripheral proteins:}} loosely bound to the surface of the membrane}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.2 cm} x{4.8 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Passive Transport Vocab}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{-passive transport:}} & diffusion of a substance with NO use of energy \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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{\bf{-diffusion:}} & movement of a substance {\emph{down}} its concentration gradient (HIGH to LOW) \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
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{\bf{-osmosis:}} & diffusion of water across a membrane (HIGH to LOW of water) \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
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{\bf{-facilitated diffusion:}} & diffusion of a substance with the assistance of transport proteins \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & ex) K+ leaves the cell; water from aquaporins \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 5
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{\bf{-carrier protein:}} & a change in shape moves the substance across \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 6
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{\bf{-channel protein:}} & a channel which molecules pass through \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 7
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{\bf{-gated channels:}} & channels that open/close in response to stimulus \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 8
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 & ex) electrical, binding of a substance, or pressure \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
% Row 9
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{\bf{-aquaporin:}} & channel protein that facilitates osmosis by passing a LOT of water \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Tonicity}}  \tn
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.52 cm} x{4.48 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Active Transport Vocab}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{-active transport:}} & moving a substance across a membrane against the concentration gradient WITH energy (LOW to HIGH) \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{-sodium- potassium ion pump:}} & movement of Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{-electrogenic pump:}} & generates a voltage across a membrane while pumping ions \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & ex) Na+/K+ pump (animals); proton pump (plants, bacteria, fungi) \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{-proton pump:}} & transport of H+ ions out of the cell \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{- sucrose/H+ cotransport:}} & movement of H+ into a cell down its gradient (taking sucrose w/ it) \& then H+ transported out of cell (proton pump) \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 6)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{-exocytosis:}} & secretion of a substance by the fusion of vesicles on the membrane \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{-endocytosis:}} & 1. phagocytosis 2. pinocytosis 3. receptor-mediated endocytosis \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
1. phagocytosis & engulfing "food" or other particles \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.52 cm} x{4.48 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Active Transport Vocab (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
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2. pinocytosis & engulfing extracellular fluid molecules \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
3. \seqsplit{receptor-mediated} endocytosis & engulfing bulk quantities of substances \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Endosymbiont Theory}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- mitochondria and chloroplast originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by a eukaryotic cell \& evolved into a single organism} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{supporting evidence\textasciitilde{}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{1. both have 2 membranes (when engulfed)} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{2. both contain ribosomes} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{3. both are autonomous (grow \& reproduce on own)} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{4. both make own proteins} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{5. both have DNA} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Water and Osmotic Potential}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/kmz-2022_1649293256_Water+potential+equation_.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Y`s` (or Y`π`):}} due to molarity -{}-{}-{}- negative value (higher M = more negative) \newline ↳ determines the {\emph{tonicity}} (hypertonic = high M/more - \& hypotonic = low M/less -) \newline {\bf{Y:}} tells the {\emph{direction}} the water will go \newline {\bf{Y`p`:}} 0 when exposed to open air}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.64 cm} x{5.36 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Endomembrane System}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{bb=1\}\} {\bf{PARTS}} & \{\{bl=1\}\} \{\{bb=1\}\} {\bf{ROLES}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
1. nuclear envelope & \{\{bl=1\}\} synthesize proteins \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
2. ER & \{\{bl=1\}\} transport proteins \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
3. golgi apparatus & \{\{bl=1\}\} metabolism (\& movement of lipids) \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
4. lysosomes & \{\{bl=1\}\} detoxification \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
5. \seqsplit{vesicles/vacuoles} & \{\{bl=1\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
6. plasma membrane & \{\{bl=1\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Organelles}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ribosomes}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/kmz-2022_1649190380_ribosome.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{- function:}} synthesize proteins from mRNA  \newline (made from rRNA and proteins) \newline {\bf{-free ribosomes:}} suspended in the cytosol (enzymes) \newline {\bf{-bound ribosomes:}} attached to the ER/nuclear envelope (proteins for membranes; packaging w/in organelles; export from cell)}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nucleus}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/kmz-2022_1649281056_nucleus.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{-nuclear envelope:}} double membrane enclosing the nucleus \newline {\bf{-nuclear pores:}} holes in the nuclear envelope (regulate entry/exit of proteins and RNAs) \newline {\bf{-chromosome:}} coiled up DNA \newline {\bf{-chromatin:}} mass of uncoiled DNA \newline {\bf{nucleolus:}} center of the nucleus responsible for rRNA synthesis \& assembling subunits for ribosomes}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Golgi Apparatus}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/kmz-2022_1649192300_golgi apparatus.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{(made of flattened membrane-bound sacs -{}- cisternae) \newline {\bf{-function:}} modifies proteins and sends them to destination \& makes some macromolecules}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Endoplasmic Reticulum}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/kmz-2022_1649191963_endoplasmic reticulum.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{-rough ER:}} (ribosomes attached) packages proteins synthesized from ribosomes \newline {\bf{- smooth ER:}} (NO ribosomes) detoxification \& lipid synthesis}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Lysosome}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/kmz-2022_1649192715_lysosome.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{(sacs that contain hydrolytic enzymes) \newline {\bf{- function:}} digest materials (w/ enzymes) \& recycle intracellular materials}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Vacuole}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/kmz-2022_1649193176_vacuole.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{- food vacuole:}} engulf (phagocytosis) materials as food for the cell \newline {\bf{- contractile vacuole:}} moves excess water out of the cell \newline {\bf{- central vacuole of plants:}} play roles in growth, storage, \& rid of toxic substances}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mitochondria}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/kmz-2022_1649192536_mitochondria.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{(has a double membrane and contains folds -{}- cristae) \newline {\bf{- function:}} synthesize energy/ATP (cellular respiration -{}- Krebs Cycle and ETC)}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chloroplast}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/kmz-2022_1649193508_chloroplast.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{- function:}} photosynthesis  \newline (made of {\emph{grana}} stacked together to make {\emph{thylakoids}} inside the {\emph{stroma}}) \newline {\bf{1. amyloplasts:}} stores starch and sugars  \newline {\bf{2. chromoplasts:}} pigment synthesis and storage}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}