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% Document Info
\author{Shelbi (kfisher17)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (patho-of-schizophrenia.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Shelbi (kfisher17))
  /Subject (Patho of Schizophrenia Cheat Sheet)
}

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\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
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    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Patho of Schizophrenia Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Shelbi (kfisher17)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/79317/cs/21873/}}}
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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Shelbi (kfisher17) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/kfisher17} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 26th February, 2020.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
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\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.08 cm} x{5.92 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PSYCHOSIS}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{A Sx of mental illness characterized by the loss of contact with reality}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Manifestations} & Hallucinations \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Disorganized thoughts and speech \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Emotions exhibited in an abnormal manner \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{──────────    Causes    ──────────}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Functional}} & Schizophrenia \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Manic phase of bipolar disorders \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Psychotic depression \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Organic}} & Alzheimer's Disease \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Other causes of dementia \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Brain tumors \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Drug Abuse}} & Cocaine \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Amphetamines \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
 & PCP ("{\emph{angel dust}}") \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{STRUCTURAL ABNORMALITIES IN SZ}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Decreased cortical thickness in the absence of {\bf{gliosis}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Reduction in the volume of the frontal love, medial temporal lobe, thalamus, and hippocampus ➩ increased ventricular size} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Decreased blood flow and glucose metabolism in the frontal lobe and left temporal lobe} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Abnormal ({\emph{excessive}}) {\bf{synaptic pruning}} ➩ decreased umber of glutamatergic dendritic spines in PFC} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Risk is increased if a specific variant in a gene related to synaptic pruning ➩ {\bf{Complement Component 4 (C4)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Gliosis: the proliferation of glial cells ➩ occurs as a compensatory change in the degenerative diseases in the brain (typically later in life)}} \newline  \newline {\emph{Synaptic Pruning: the process of synapse elimination that occurs between age 2 and onset of puberty}} \newline  \newline {\emph{C4: plays a role in the immune system and also in brain development}}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{6 cm} x{2 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Neurotransmitters}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Multiple NT systems interact to cause the signs and sx of SZ}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Functional abnormalities are related to alterations in: & {\bf{Dopamine}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Glutamate}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Serotonin}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Positive Symptoms}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Disorganized speech, thoughts, and beliefs}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{• May lose track of their ideas, meanings, and words (word salad)} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{• Thought processes are disconnected (loose associations)} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{• Ideas and images may become jumbled or linked together illogically} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{• Words and meanings that should be linked may become diconnected} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Disorganized Movement and Behaviors}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{• May use exaggerated or repeated gestures} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{• May seem to be fidgeting, hyperactive, or preoccupied with meaningless physical movements} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Cognitive Symptoms}}}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Impaired Attention}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{• Trouble focusing or paying attention} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Impaired Working Memory}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{• Ability to use information immediately after learning it} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Poor Executive Function}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{• Ability to understand information and use it to make decisions} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Patients often have difficulty learning from their experiences and can repeatedly make the same mistakes in situations requiring judgment}} \newline  \newline {\emph{Poor insight into the severity of their disorder; tend to d/c therapy}}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.52 cm} x{4.48 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{SCHIZOPHRENIA (SZ)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Epidemiology}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Onset & Most common in young adults \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Onset before adolescence or after 40 yr is {\emph{extremely rare}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Onset in males occurs earlier than females \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Prevalence & Equal ({\emph{male vs female}}) \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & In general, better outcomes in females \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Suicide & \textasciitilde{} 15\% \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Etiology & Unknown \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Cause is multifactorial \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
Genetics & Significant genetic component with a complex, non-Mendelian inheritance \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Greatest risk factor ➩ positive family hx \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Many genes involved ➩ pt's inherit several risk genes \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & ➩ SNP's and CNVs \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
Environmental & Pt's more likely to experience: \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & • premature birth \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
 & • low birth weight \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 1)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.52 cm} x{4.48 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{SCHIZOPHRENIA (SZ) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & • perinatal hypoxia \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Maternal viral infxn during pregnancy ({\emph{especially during the 2nd trimester}}) \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Early \seqsplit{Neurodevelopmental} Defect & Brain vulnerability by genetic predisposition \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Combined with environmental factors or stressors \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & ➩ Abnormal migration of neurons during CNS development \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
 & ➩ Results in Abnormal neuronal connectivity and abnormal brain circuits \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & ➩ {\bf{Schizophrenia}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{SZ is more frequent in people born in cities and born between January and April (northern hemisphere)}} \newline  \newline {\emph{SNPs: single nucleotide polymorphisms}} \newline {\emph{CNVs: Specific copy number variations}}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4.72 cm} x{3.28 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Dopaminergic Pathways in the Brain}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Nigrostriatal}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Originates in the substantia nigra & Projects to the striatum \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Negative Symptoms}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Alogia and Poverty of Speech}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{• May speak very little} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{• Speech may have little meaningful content} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{• May have long delays between words and sentences} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Flattening or Blunting of Affect}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{• May have reduced emotional expression} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{• May not smile or frown in response to happy or sad events} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{• Voices may not change tone or pitch} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{• May not maintain eye contact or other kinds of emotional links with people} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Anhedonia and Avolition}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{• May seem to lose interest in and energy for pleasurable activities and achievements} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{• Lack of desire, drive, or motivation to pursue meaningful goals} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Catatonia and Posturing}}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{• May freeze into unusual body positions} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{• May stop moving entirely} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{• Sometimes hold rigid poses for hours and will ignore external stimuli} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{• May show stereotyped repetitive movements} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Lack of Motivation and Social Withdrawal}}} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{• Contribute to poor-self care skills} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{• Difficulties maintaining employment and living independently} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}