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  /Title (legislative-power.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (kelahr)
  /Subject (Legislative Power Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Legislative Power Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{kelahr} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/193706/cs/40337/}}}
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  \vspace{-2pt}kelahr \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/kelahr} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 17th September, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{document}
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Powers Granted to Congress}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Article I, Section 8 contains 18 clauses which grant powers to Congress: law and collect taxes, provide for the defense of the country, borrow money or credit of the U.S., regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states, regulate immigration and bankruptcy, establish post offices and post roads, control the issuance of patents and copyrights, and declare war.% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Scope of Immunity}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Only legislative acts are protected: (1) speaking and debating on the floor of the House and the Senate, (2) voting, (3) participating in committee hearings, and 94) preparing committee reports. Political acts are not immune: (1) providing services to constituents, (2) helping private citizens to obtain government contracts or meet with government agencies, and (3) communicating directly with the public, whether by press releases, press conferences or speeches made outside of Congress (i.e. U.S. v. Brewster)% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Unconstitutional Delegation of Power}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{A congressional delegation without adequate standards - one that allowed executive officials to make basic policy - would constitute a transfer of legislative power to the executive branch and would be unconstitutional. It was not until 1935 that theCourt invalidated a congressional delegation. The court said that congressional delegation of lawmaking power to the executive branch or administrative agencies were impermissible because they were unduly broad. {[}Panama Refining Co v. Ryan And Schechter Poultry v. U.S.{]}% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Enforcement of Investigatory Power}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The principal method for enforcing the congressional investigative power is punishable by contempt.% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Presidential Impeachment}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Only 3 presidents have been subject to impeachment efforts - Andrew Johnson, Richard Nixon, and William Clinton. Johnson was impeached by the House but escaped conviction by the Senate by one vote. Nixon resigned before the House could vote on impeachment. And Clinton was impeached on 12/19/88 by the House of Representatives but the Senate did not reach the 2/3 votes necessary to convicted (acquitted).% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Proposing Amendments}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Two methods: (1) only method used - 2/3 vote in each house, (2) Constitutional convention called in response to 2/3 of the state legislatures (Congress acting under the necessary and proper clause).% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Necessary and Proper Clause}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Congress shall "make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the enumerated powers and all other powers vested by the Constitution in the government. This clause provides the basis for Congress' implied powers. Defined by Chief Justice Marshall in McCulloch v. Maryland.}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Legislative Veto}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Legislative veto is a congressional power to halt an executive initiative or proposal by a vote of one or both Houses or by a congressional committee. It is the requirement that an executive decision must lie before Congress for 60 days or less before it can take effect. Congress reserved this right for itself and it is not signed by the president (the president is bypassed in this process). In 1983, the SC declared the legislative veto unconstitutional because it violated separation of powers.% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Covered v. Not Covered}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Besides members of Congress, the immunity also covers aids who engage in acts that would be immune if performed by a legislator (Gravel v. U.S.). The Speech and Debate Clause does not extend to state legislators who are prosecuted for violations of federal law.}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Scope of Investigations}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Congress may compel/subpoena witnesses and order that the witnesses answer questions. Witnesses may refuse to answer questions, citing privilege against self incrimination, interference with first amendment rights, and lack of due process safeguards in hearing procedures. The power to investigate is limited to inquires of which the particular House has jurisdiction. Neither House may inquire into the private affairs of citizens. Congress' investigatory powers extend to all matters upon which Congress could choose to act.% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ratifying Amendments}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{(1) Approval by 3/4 of the state legislatures, (2) approval by specially called ratifying conventions in 3/4 of the states (used only for the 21 amendment which repealed the 18th amendment - prohibition). Congress uses the necessary and proper clause to determine the time limit, method, and determine when amendments have been adopted. Congress determines which method is used.% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Limits on Impeachable Offenses}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Treason, bribery, and other high crimes and misdemeanors (a subject of great dispute) are the only impeachable offenses.% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Constitutional Amendments}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Each amendment must be proposed and ratified.% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The Court held that the legislative veto as unconstitutional and found that the provision fo the Immigration and Nationality Act allowing one House of Congress to veto executive branch decisions was a violation of the separation of powers doctrine. It violated bicameralism, encroached on the executive branch, and the presentation requirement.% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Delegation of Power}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{From time to time, congress has seen fit to delegate some of its powers to the executive branch or some administrative agency.  One of the first delegations of congressional power was upheld in Brig Aurora v. U.S.- a statute authorizing the president to lift restrictions on trade with France and Great Britain  if those nations ceased interfering with Am. shipping.  In upholding this statute, the court recognized  that the Constitution imposes a limitation on congressional delegations: whatever powers are surrendered, the determination of the basic policy must remain with Congress.% Row Count 12 (+ 12)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Impeachment}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Members of the executive and judicial branches can be removed from office upon impeachment by a majority vote in the House - a House vote to impeach is similar to a grand jury indictment - to be accused of a crime, it is not a conviction, but a necessary precondition to a trial. The actual impeachment trial occurs in the Senate and a 2/3 vote of those senators present is required to convict. In the case of impeachment of a President, the Chief Justice presides. Impeachment and conviction carry purely political penalties - removal from office and eligibility for future office.% Row Count 12 (+ 12)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Non-Legislative Powers}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The Constitution assigns to Congress the powers of impeachment and the proposal and ratification of constitutional amendments.% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Congressional Investigations}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Congressional investigations have been implied from the power to legislate. There is no constitutional provision expressly conferring upon Congress the power to make investigations.% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Speech and Debate Clause}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Members of Congress are protected from: (1) civil or criminal suits relating to their legislative actions, (2) grand jury investigations relating to these actions. The rationale for this clause ensures that congressmen are not distracted from their duties by being calling into Court to defend their actions% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Congressional Immunity}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Article I, Section 6, Clause 1 provides that members of Congress "...shall not be questioned in any other place...for any speech or debate in either House."% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
} \tn 
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% That's all folks
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