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  /Title (judicial-power-and-review.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (kelahr)
  /Subject (Judicial Power and Review Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Judicial Power and Review Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{kelahr} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/193706/cs/40336/}}}
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  \vspace{-2pt}kelahr \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 17th September, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{document}
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Definition and Role}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The power to decide cases and controversies. The judiciary, particularly the Supreme Court, plays a leading role in constitutional interpretation because of the uniquely American institution of judicial review.% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Original Jurisdiction}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The authority of a court to hear a case in the first instance to function as a trial court. The Supreme Court's original jurisdiction is outlined in Article III, Section 2, paragraph 2 of the Constitution.% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Justiciability Limits}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Article III authorizes federal courts to hear several types of cases and controversies: cases arising under the Constitution, federal laws and treaties, and cases involving citizens in different states.% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Judicial Review of State Actions}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Congress provided the mechanism for implementing the principle of federal constitutional supremacy over conflicting state law. It provided for Supreme Court review final judgement or decree by the highest court in the state in three categories of cases: (1) where the validity of a federal law or treaty is "drawn in question", and the decision was against its validity; (2) where a state statute was challenged as "repugnant to the Constitution, treaties or laws of the United States," and the decision was in favor of its validity; (3) where the construction of the federal Constitution, treaty, or statute was drawn in question and the decision was against the title, right, privilege, or exemption claimed.% Row Count 15 (+ 15)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Limits on Appellate Jurisdiction}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Appellate jurisdiction is the authority of a court to hear a case that has been decided by a lower court, It is something that can never be changed by the court but is always defined by some authority external to it, either by a statute or by the Constitution. Article III, section 2 describes the judicial power of the United States as extending to disputes involving foreign diplomats, admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, and various controversies between states, between state and citizens of another, between citizens of different states, and where a foreign state is a party.% Row Count 12 (+ 12)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Marbury v. Madison (1803)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Establishes the authority for judicial review of both federal and executive and legislative acts. The Judiciary Act of 1789 was deemed unconstitutional by the SC because Article III holds that the SC shall only have original jurisdiction for a limited number of cases, and shall have appellate jurisdiction for all other cases. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 7)
Policy: The Supreme Court has the power, implied from Article III, to review acts of Congress and the Executive and if they are found repugnant to the Constitution, to declare them void.% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Eakin v. Raub (1825)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Instituted that the Constitution would still be the supreme law of the land and the foundation of our system, but its primary interpretation would shift from the Court to the explicitly political branches of government.% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Presumption of Constitutionality}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The Court presumes that a statute is constitutional unless it is proved otherwise. This presumption is confined almost exclusively to economic and social legislation.% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Presumption of Constitutionality}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The Court presumes that a statute is constitutional unless it is proved otherwise. This presumption is confined almost exclusively to economic and social legislation.% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Standing}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Three Constitutional Requirements: (1) Injury: the plaintiff must allege that he or she has suffered or will immediately suffer an injury in fact, (2) Causation: plaintiff must allege that the injury is fairly traceable to defendant's conduct,  (3) Repressibility: the plaintiff must allege that a favorable federal court decision is likely to redress the injury. Plaintiff may only assert his own rights and cannot raise the claims of third parties not before the court. Plaintiffs may not sue as a taxpayer who shares a grievance in common with other caretakers (Frothingham v. Mellon). Taxpayer standing has only been allowed to challenge government expenditures as violating the Taxing and Spending Clause (Flast v. Cohen)% Row Count 15 (+ 15)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mootness}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{There is no longer an actual controversy between adverse litigants. Exception: if there is an injury likely to reoccur in the future and it is possible that it could happen to the plaintiff again (Roe v. Wade)% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Case and Controversy}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Federal cases may not issues advisory opinions (Muskrat v. United States). Some state courts may. There must be an actual dispute between litigants.% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Martin v. Hunter's Lessee (1816)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The Supreme Court asserted its authority to hear civil cases tried in state courts that presented federal constitutional questions. The U.S. Supreme Court is final in decisions of state controversies if the claim is based on a provision of the U.S. Constitution or a statute passed by Congress. If only a state question is presented, the highest court in the state has the final decision, and will be reviewed by the SC.  \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 9)
Policy: The Supreme Court has jurisdiction over issues of federal law in state courts.% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ripeness}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{A federal court will not hear a case unless there is a present or significant threat of imminent injury. Seeks to separate matters that are premature for review because the injury is speculative and may never occur form those cases that are appropriate for federal court action. Rationale is to protect courts from entangling themselves in abstract disagreements over policy.% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Political Question}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Definition: A doctrine that excuses federal courts form considering matters that, even though they may constitute a case and controversy, are not the sorts of things that are proper for a court to decide and could be better decided by one or both of the other branches of government (Baker v. Carr 1962). Not all questions involving politics constitute a political question.% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Avoiding the Constitutional Issues}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The Court will not pass on a constitutional question, if there is some other grounds on which the case may be disposed of. Constitutional questions would be avoided if the case could be decided on other grounds. The Court will first seek to construe the statute in such a way that the constitutional question is avoided.% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ex Parte McCardle (1869)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Congress has the power to enlarge or diminish the Court's appellate jurisdiction. While the SC's appellate jurisdiction is derived from the Constitution, the Constitution also gives Congress the expressed power to make exception to that appellate jurisdiction.% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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% That's all folks
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