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  /Title (khanghuynh.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (keitapotato)
  /Subject (khanghuynh Cheat Sheet)
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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{khanghuynh Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{keitapotato} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/213586/cs/46492/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}keitapotato \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/keitapotato} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 27th May, 2025.\\
   Updated 27th May, 2025.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cardiac Muscle}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Structure 1} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1) striated \newline 2) thin filaments have tropomyosin (belt) and troponin (3 spheres) \newline 3) contains an abundance of mitochondria and myoglobin \newline 4) possess T-tubles and sarcoplasmic reticulum \newline 5) Ca++ enters the cytosol from voltage-gated Ca++ channels (small amount) in the plasma membrane and triggers internal release of Ca++}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{AP in contractile cardiac muscle cells (P 1)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{1) AP in cardiac contractile cells differs considerably from the AP in cardiac autorhymic cells \newline 2) -90mV resting potential \newline 3) rapid rising phase of AP result of Na+ entry on opening of fast Na+ channels at threshold (-70mV) \newline 4) Brief repolarization after potential reaches its peak bc of limited K+ efflux on opening of transient K+ channels, coupled w/ inactivation ofNa+ channels}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Anatomy of the heart}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{dual-pump system includes 4 chambers: \newline - left and right Atria, Ventricles \newline - chambers on right pump = oxygen-poor blood through pulmonary circulation -\textgreater{} lungs \newline - chambers on left pump = oxygen-rich blood through systempic circulation -\textgreater{} body tissues}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Path of the blood (based on valves)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1) right AV valve/tricuspid (r.a.-\textgreater{}r.v) \newline 2) pulmonary/semilunar valve (r.v.-\textgreater{}pulmonary artery) \newline 3) left AV valve/bicuspid/mitral (l.a.-\textgreater{}l.v.) \newline 4) aprtic/semilunar valve (l.v.-\textgreater{}aorta)}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Purkinje Fibers}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- small terminal fibers of specialized, cardiac pacemaker cells that extend from Bundle of His and spread throughout the ventricular myocardium \newline - 30 A.P./min \newline - In normal conditiona, follow SA node (and AV node) at 70 AP/min}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Sinoatrial (SA) Node:  \newline - right atrium near the opening of the superior vena cava \newline - exhibits an autorhythmicity of 70 action potentials per min and leads the activity of the other pacemaker structures int he heart \newline  \newline Atrioventricular (AV) Node: \newline - Cardiac pacemaker cells located at the base of the right atrium \newline - exhibits an autorhythmicity of 50 action potentials per min \newline - Under normal conditions, this node follows faster SA node at 70  A.P./min}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Structure of Heart Valve = ensure a one-way flow of blood (no backflow) \newline  \newline - When pressure is greater behind the valve, it opens \newline - When pressure is greater in front of the valve, it closes}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Endocardium: thin layer of endothelial tissue lining the interior of each chamber \newline  \newline Myocardium: middle later of heart wall, composed of cardiac muscle \newline  - cardiac muscle cells are connected end-to-end by intercalated disks (formed desmosomes and gap-junctions) \newline  \newline Epicardium: thin external membrane covering the heart and is filled with a small volume of pericardial fluid}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- mechanism of Ca++ entry into the cytosol is different from that in skeletal muscle cells \newline  \newline - T-tubule membranes have dehydropyridine receptors (voltage-gated Ca++ channels). open and allow Ca++ to flow into cytosol \newline  \newline - Ca++ entry triggers further release of Ca++ from sarcoplasmic reticulum. these 2 sources of Ca++ activate power stroke of contrstraction \newline  \newline - \# of activated crossbridges is proportional to the cytosolic Ca++ conc.}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{6) it displays pacemaker activity intiating its own actions potential \newline 7) connected by gap junctions \newline 8) innervated by atonomic neuronal fibers \newline 9) action potentials are longer ind uration than both smooth and skeletal muscle \newline      - longer duration to prevent fatigue but requires a lot of energy}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{cardiac cells that conducts pacemaker acitivty fromt he right atrium to the left atrium \newline - from SA node to AV node}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{99\% of cardiac muscle cells are contractile and don't initiate their own action potentials \newline  \newline 1\% are autorhythmic and intrinsically initiate their own action potentials at a regular frequency}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- intercalated discs \newline 1)desmosomes = mechanically hold cells together \newline 2)gap-junctions = provide paths of low resistance to the flow of electrical current between muscle cells \newline  \newline - gap-junctions enable the cardiac muscle to form a functional syncytium (a group of cells that act as a single functional unit despite maintaining their individual identities)}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Right Atrium - Receives oxygen-poor blood from systemic venous circulation (inferior and superior vena cava veins) \newline    - pumps blood into the right ventricle through the right atrioventricular (AV) (tricuspus valve) \newline Right Ventricle - receives oxygen-poor blood from right atrium and pumps blood through the pulmonary (semilunar) valve into the pulmonary artery}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{1) AP in cardiac contractile cells differs considerably from the AP in cardiac autorhymic cells \newline 2) -90mV resting potential \newline 3) rapid rising phase of AP result of Na+ entry on opening of fast Na+ channels at threshold (-70mV) \newline 4) Brief repolarization after potential reaches its peak bc of limited K+ efflux on opening of transient K+ channels, coupled w/ inactivation ofNa+ channels}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- heart muscle generates its own rhythmic electricla activity (autorhythmicity) \newline     - occurs due to pacemaker activity \newline     - nodes: pacemaker cells grouped together in specialized regions \newline            - 2 nodes \newline            - control rate and coordination of cardiac contractions}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- separates atria from ventricles and provides a rigid base for attachment of heart valves and cardiac muscle \newline - a ring of dense fibrous connective tissue surrounds each of the valves of the heart}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Left Atrium - receives oxygen-rich blood from left and right pulmonary veins \newline   -  pumps blood through the left atrioventricular (AV) (biscuspid or mitral) valve into the left ventricle \newline Left Ventricle - Receives oxygen-rich blood from left atrium and pumps blood through aortic (semilunar) valve into the aorta}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Sinoatrial (SA) Node: \newline - wall of the right atrium near opening of superior vena cava \newline - 70 action potentials per min \newline  \newline Atrioventricular (AV) Node: \newline - base of right atrium \newline - exhibits an autorhythmicity of 50 action potentials per min \newline - Under normal conditions, this node follow faster SA node at 70 A.P./min}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{bundle of his}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{tract of specialized, cardiac pacemaker cells that originate sa tthe AV node and divides and projects into the left and right ventricles}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- PA conducted relatively slowly through the AV node resulting in a delay of approx. 100ms \newline - to ensures that ventricles contract after atrial contraction}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Circulatory stsmtems include: \newline 1) heart (pump) \newline 2) blood vessels (pipes) \newline 3) blood (fluid) \newline  \newline This system function is impacted by nervous system and kidneys (endocrine system) \newline  \newline Functions: \newline - supply oxygen and nutrients \newline - remove "wastes" \newline - temperature regulation \newline - distribute hormones \newline - immuno-vigilance}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Definition}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{found only in the heart and shares characteristics of both skeletal and smooth muscle}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{AP contractile cardiac muscle cells 2}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{1) Prolonged plateau phase is result of slow Ca2+ entry on opening of :-type Ca2+ channels, coupled w/ reduced K+ efflux on closure of several types of K+ channels \newline 2) rapid falling phase is result of K+ efflux on opening of ordinary voltage-gated K+ channels, as in other excitable cells \newline 3) Resting potential is maintained by opening of leaky K+ channels}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Picture of AP in cardiac cell}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/keitapotato_1748377849_Screenshot 2025-05-27 133029.png}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Electrocardiogram (ECG)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/keitapotato_1748378513_Screenshot 2025-05-27 134146.png}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- electrical currents generated by coodinated action potentials of the heart muscle can reach the surface of the body and detected as voltage differences between 2 points on the body surface \newline  \newline - can detect disturbances in heart function}  \tn 
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% That's all folks
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\end{document}