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\author{keineko}
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  /Title (ib-biology-topic-5-evolution-and-biodiversity.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (keineko)
  /Subject (IB Biology Topic 5 Evolution and Biodiversity Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{IB Biology Topic 5 Evolution and Biodiversity Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{keineko} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/175074/cs/37265/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}keineko \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/keineko} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 28th March, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{5.1.1 Evolution and Totality of fossils}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Evolution: Change in the heritable characteristics of a species} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Direct Fossil: Bones, teeth, shells, leaves etc} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Indirect Fossil: footprints, tooth marks, tracks, burrows etc.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{The fossil record}} reveals that changes occur over time in the features of organisms on the planet.} \tn 
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% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{The law of fossil succession}} - organisms are not found randomly but in rocks of particular ages in a particular order, suggesting that modern organisms evolved from ancestral species (speciation).} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Transitional fossils}} - intermediary forms over the evolutionary pathway from a single genus, provides evidence for evolution - eg. birds from prehistoric reptiles} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{The fossil record demonstrates that prokaryotes precede eukaryotes, and that invertebrates precede vertebrates.} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 7
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{The fossil record is incomplete - fossilization requires specific circumstances to occur, and only the hard parts of an organism is preserved.} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
% Row 8
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Radioisotope dating \& carbon dating can help determine the age of fossils} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Gradualism}}: Gradual change from common ancestors over time, eg. Galapagos finches} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Punctuated Equilibrium / Catastrophism}}: (Cambrian explosion): a long period of no change, and a catastrophic event that causes a short and sudden period of big change , eg. volcanic eruptions} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 4)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{5.1.1 Selective Breeding}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Artificial selection by man to produce desirable traits in an animal's offspring} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{As a result, domesticated breeds of animals can vary compared to the wild counterpart.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Examples: Racing horses (speed), draft horses (endurance), sheepdogs (herding), cattle (increased milk or meat), greyhounds (racing)} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{5.1.2 Homologous / Analogous Structures}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{Homologous Structures}} & {\bf{Analogous Structures}} \tn 
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% Row 1
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inherited from a common ancestral origin, does not necessarily have the same function & inherited from different ancestral origins, may have similar function but different bone structure and origin \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
appearance and function diverge over time to make use of environmental niches ({\bf{Adaptive radiation / divergent evolution}}). The more similar the structures, the more likely they are closely related & selective pressure / similar habitats and diets causes the structures to become similar in function or appearance ({\bf{Convergent evolution}}) \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 10)
% Row 3
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the feature is adapted to suit various environmental needs & different species evolve the trait independently \tn 
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% Row 4
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example: pentadactyl limb (humans, horse, cats, whales bats) & example: human eyes and octopus eyes, wings of insects and birds, tail fin of orca and shark \tn 
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% Row 5
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the pentadactyl limb evolved to suit environmental niches for locomotion, eg., galloping, flying, swimming, using tools in humans & the eyes of the human and the octopus evolved independently out of a need to see. wings in insects and birds evolved independently out of a need to fly \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 8)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{5.1.2 Homologous / Analogous Structures (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{homologous genes, DNA, embryo structure and other biological molecules are used to determine homologous structures and evolutionary relationships} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{5.1.2 Pentadactyl Limbs}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Pentadactyl Limb}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Limb Structures}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Single proximal bone (front / top bone) - humerus, femur} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Two distal bones (back / bottom bone) - radius \& ulna, tibia \& fibula} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Group of wrist / ankle bones - carpals, tarsals} \tn 
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% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Series of bones, 5 digits - metacarpals \& phalanges, metatarsals \& phalanges} \tn 
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% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Evolutionary differences can be seen in the varying length and thickness of the bone. Some metacarpals and phalanges ( finger bones) were lost in the penguin's forelimb.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{5.1.2 Speciation}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Where populations of a species gradually diverge into separate species (ie, they cannot interbreed to produce fertile offspring)} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Biological separation: species cannot interbreed due to biological obstacles such as size or number of chromosomes} \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Geographical separation: species cannot interbreed due to geographic obstacles - often occurs after a species extends its range by migrating to an island \& is why Australia has many endemic species (only found in a certain geographical area)} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Continuous variation across a geographical range of related populations match the concept of gradual divergence - as speciation occurs gradually, it can be difficult to group for species and variation} \tn 
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% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Continuous variation between populations provide evidence for evolution of species and the origin of new species by evolution} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{5.1.2 Industrial Melanism}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{An example of how changes to an environment can cause an evolutionary adaptation} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Biston betularia}} - roosts during the day and active at night, are prey to birds} \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{In the countryside / unpolluted areas, peppered moths are dominant as they can camouflage on the lichen to hide from predators} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{In industrial areas where sulphur dioxide kills lichen and soot darkens trees, melanic moths are dominant as their darker colour can help camouflage against the darker trees and protect against predators.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{The dark allele is dominant over the light allele \& codes for the moth to make more melanin} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{In industrial areas, melanic moths were more likely to survive and thus pass on the melanic allele to their offspring} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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% That's all folks
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