\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article} % Packages \usepackage{fancyhdr} % For header and footer \usepackage{multicol} % Allows multicols in tables \usepackage{tabularx} % Intelligent column widths \usepackage{tabulary} % Used in header and footer \usepackage{hhline} % Border under tables \usepackage{graphicx} % For images \usepackage{xcolor} % For hex colours %\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc} % For unicode character support \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} % Without this we get weird character replacements \usepackage{colortbl} % For coloured tables \usepackage{setspace} % For line height \usepackage{lastpage} % Needed for total page number \usepackage{seqsplit} % Splits long words. %\usepackage{opensans} % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely. \usepackage[normalem]{ulem} % For underlining links % Most of the following are not required for the majority % of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support. \usepackage{amsmath} % Symbols \usepackage{MnSymbol} % Symbols \usepackage{wasysym} % Symbols %\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel} % Languages % Document Info \author{keersri05} \pdfinfo{ /Title (finance.pdf) /Creator (Cheatography) /Author (keersri05) /Subject (Finance Cheat Sheet) } % Lengths and widths \addtolength{\textwidth}{6cm} \addtolength{\textheight}{-1cm} \addtolength{\hoffset}{-3cm} \addtolength{\voffset}{-2cm} \setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.2cm} % Space between columns \setlength{\headsep}{-12pt} % Reduce space between header and content \setlength{\headheight}{85pt} % If less, LaTeX automatically increases it \renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove footer line \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove header line \renewcommand{\seqinsert}{\ifmmode\allowbreak\else\-\fi} % Hyphens in seqsplit % This two commands together give roughly % the right line height in the tables \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3} \onehalfspacing % Commands \newcommand{\SetRowColor}[1]{\noalign{\gdef\RowColorName{#1}}\rowcolor{\RowColorName}} % Shortcut for row colour \newcommand{\mymulticolumn}[3]{\multicolumn{#1}{>{\columncolor{\RowColorName}}#2}{#3}} % For coloured multi-cols \newcolumntype{x}[1]{>{\raggedright}p{#1}} % New column types for ragged-right paragraph columns \newcommand{\tn}{\tabularnewline} % Required as custom column type in use % Font and Colours \definecolor{HeadBackground}{HTML}{333333} \definecolor{FootBackground}{HTML}{666666} \definecolor{TextColor}{HTML}{333333} \definecolor{DarkBackground}{HTML}{823333} \definecolor{LightBackground}{HTML}{F7F2F2} \renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault} \color{TextColor} % Header and Footer \pagestyle{fancy} \fancyhead{} % Set header to blank \fancyfoot{} % Set footer to blank \fancyhead[L]{ \noindent \begin{multicols}{3} \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \vspace{-7pt} {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}} } \end{tabulary} \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L} \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Finance Cheat Sheet}}}} \\ \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{keersri05} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/217923/cs/48575/}}} \end{tabulary} \end{multicols}} \fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize \noindent \begin{multicols}{3} \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}} \\ \vspace{-2pt}keersri05 \\ \uline{cheatography.com/keersri05} \\ \end{tabulary} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}} \\ \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\ Updated 5th November, 2026.\\ Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}. \end{tabulary} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}} \\ \SetRowColor{white} \vspace{-5pt} %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg} Measure your website readability!\\ www.readability-score.com \end{tabulary} \end{multicols}} \begin{document} \raggedright \raggedcolumns % Set font size to small. Switch to any value % from this page to resize cheat sheet text: % www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html \footnotesize % Small font. \begin{multicols*}{3} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Alternative Sources of Finance}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn % Row Count 0 (+ 0) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Alternative Sources of Finance: Basics}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Meaning: {\bf{Funding}} channels {\bf{beyond conventional bank lending}} and public capital markets.} \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 2) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Why needed: Startup funding, growth, innovation, infrastructure and diversification.} \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 2) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Equity}}: Angel investment, VC, PE.} \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 1) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Debt}}: Private credit.} \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 1) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Platform-based}}: Crowdfunding.} \tn % Row Count 7 (+ 1) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Purpose-based}}: Infrastructure and social-impact financing.} \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 2) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Startup funding: Umbrella covering multiple funding sources.} \tn % Row Count 11 (+ 2) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Indian ecosystem: SIDBI, Startup India, FFS, SEBI, NABARD, NIIF.} \tn % Row Count 13 (+ 2) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Debt vs Equity Financing}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Core concept: {\bf{Equity = ownership; Debt = borrowing}}.} \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 2) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Equity}}: No compulsory repayment or fixed interest; dividends/capital gains for investors; ownership dilution.} \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 3) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Debt}}: Principal repayment + interest; no ownership dilution; increases financial risk.} \tn % Row Count 7 (+ 2) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Major advantage: Equity reduces repayment pressure; debt preserves ownership.} \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 2) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Major disadvantage: Equity dilutes control; debt creates fixed repayment obligations.} \tn % Row Count 11 (+ 2) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Key terms: {\bf{Leverage}} = use of debt; {\bf{Gearing}} = debt-equity relationship; {\bf{Collateral}} = security for loan; {\bf{Dilution}} = reduced ownership percentage.} \tn % Row Count 15 (+ 4) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Interest}} is generally {\bf{tax-deductible }}subject to tax rules; {\bf{dividends}} are {\bf{not deductible business expenses}}.} \tn % Row Count 18 (+ 3) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Angel Investment}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Core concept: {\bf{Wealthy individuals invest their personal money in early-stage startups}}.} \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 2) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Stage: Pre-seed, seed and early stage.} \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 1) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Form: {\bf{Equity or convertible instruments}}.} \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 1) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Returns: {\bf{Capital appreciation}} through startup growth or exit.} \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 2) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Additional support: {\bf{Mentorship}}, expertise and business networks.} \tn % Row Count 8 (+ 2) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Pre-seed}}: Funding at the idea/concept stage.} \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 1) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Seed funding}}: Initial capital to develop a product or prototype.} \tn % Row Count 11 (+ 2) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Exit}}: Investor realises returns through sale, acquisition or IPO.} \tn % Row Count 13 (+ 2) % Row 8 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Angel investors take {\bf{high risks}} because startups have uncertain survival and returns.} \tn % Row Count 15 (+ 2) % Row 9 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Key distinction: Angel = individual's own money; VC = professionally managed investment fund.} \tn % Row Count 17 (+ 2) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Venture Capital}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Core concept: {\bf{Professionally managed funds}} invest {\bf{pooled capital}} in high-growth, high-risk startups.} \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 3) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Stage: Seed, {\bf{early-stage and growth-stage}} businesses.} \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 2) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Form: {\bf{Equity / equity-linked instruments}}.} \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 1) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Returns}}: {\bf{Capital appreciation}} through eventual exit.} \tn % Row Count 8 (+ 2) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Process: {\bf{Pitch → Due diligence → Valuation → Term sheet → Investment → Monitoring → Exit}}.} \tn % Row Count 11 (+ 3) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Due diligence}}: Detailed examination before investment.} \tn % Row Count 13 (+ 2) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Valuation}}: Estimated worth of the startup.} \tn % Row Count 14 (+ 1) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Term sheet}}: Preliminary document outlining investment terms.} \tn % Row Count 16 (+ 2) % Row 8 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Portfolio company}}: Company in which the fund invests.} \tn % Row Count 18 (+ 2) % Row 9 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Follow-on investment}}: Additional investment in an existing portfolio company.} \tn % Row Count 20 (+ 2) % Row 10 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Dry powder}}: Committed but uninvested capital.} \tn % Row Count 21 (+ 1) % Row 11 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Unicorn}}: Privately held startup valued at {\bf{USD 1 billion or more}}.} \tn % Row Count 23 (+ 2) % Row 12 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Exit}}: Sale of investment to realise returns.} \tn % Row Count 24 (+ 1) % Row 13 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Funding rounds: {\bf{Series A → Series B → Series C}} and subsequent rounds. - {\bf{Series A}}: Scaling a business model with initial market traction. - {\bf{Series B}}: Expanding operations and market reach. - {\bf{Series C}} onwards: Larger expansion, acquisitions or preparation for an exit.} \tn % Row Count 30 (+ 6) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Stages of VC Financing}} \newline Stage Purpose \newline {\bf{\textgreater{}}} {\bf{Seed}} Develop idea, prototype and proof of concept \newline {\bf{\textgreater{}}} {\bf{Startup}} Product development and initial marketing \newline {\bf{\textgreater{}}} {\bf{Early stage}} Begin commercial production and sales \newline {\bf{\textgreater{}}} {\bf{Growth stage}} Expand operations, market share and capacity \newline {\bf{\textgreater{}}} {\bf{Late stage}} Scale operations before IPO or acquisition} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Private Equity (PE)}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Core concept: Investment in {\bf{privately held companies}}, generally {\bf{established}} businesses.} \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 2) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Form: {\bf{Equity / equity-linked instruments}}.} \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 1) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Objective: Improve company value and exit at a profit.} \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 2) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Involvement: Management, governance, restructuring and strategic decisions.} \tn % Row Count 7 (+ 2) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Major types: {\bf{Buyout, LBO, Growth Capital, Distressed Investment, Minority Investment}}.} \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 2) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Important keywords \newline - {\bf{Buyout}}: Acquisition of a controlling stake. \newline - {\bf{LBO}}: Leveraged Buyout, Acquisition financed substantially through borrowed funds. \newline - {\bf{Growth Capital}}: Funding expansion of established businesses. \newline - {\bf{Turnaround}}: Reviving a struggling business. \newline - {\bf{Value Creation}}: Increasing business value through operational/strategic improvements. \newline - {\bf{Exit}}: Sale, acquisition or IPO.} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Startup Funding}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Core concept: {\bf{Capital raised by startups to develop, launch, operate and expand}}. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2) - Funding lifecycle: {\bf{Bootstrapping / Pre-seed → Seed → Early stage → Growth → Late stage}}. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3) - Sources: Own funds, Friends \& Family, Angels, VC, Bank Loans, Government Grants, Crowdfunding, Incubators/Accelerators. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3) Important keywords \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1) - {\bf{Bootstrapping}}: Using personal funds / internally generated revenue. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2) - {\bf{Incubator}}: Supports early-stage startups with mentoring and infrastructure. \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2) - {\bf{Accelerator}}: Fixed-duration programme to speed up startup growth. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2) - {\bf{Burn Rate}}: Rate of cash consumption. \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1) - {\bf{Runway}}: Time available before cash runs out. \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 2) - {\bf{Product-Market Fit}}: Product satisfies genuine market demand. \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 2) - {\bf{Bridge Financing}}: Short-term funding until the next funding round or financing event. \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 2) - {\bf{Valuation}}: Estimated worth of the startup.% Row Count 23 (+ 1) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Formula: {\bf{Runway = Available Cash ÷ Net Monthly Burn Rate}}. \newline \newline Key distinction: {\bf{Incubator nurtures; accelerator speeds up growth}}. \newline \newline Recall trick: {\bf{Startup funding = Funding needs across the entire business lifecycle}}.} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Crowdfunding}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Core concept: Raising funds through {\bf{small contributions}} from a {\bf{large number of people}}, usually via {\bf{online platforms}}. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3) Four types \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1) - {\bf{Donation-based}}: No financial return. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1) - {\bf{Reward-based}}: Product / reward in return. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1) - {\bf{Equity-based}}: Shares / ownership. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1) - {\bf{Debt-based}}: Loan repayment with interest. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1) Advantages: Wider access to capital, market validation, publicity and reduced dependence on traditional finance. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 3) Risks: Funding target may not be met, fraud, platform fees, IP exposure and regulatory concerns. \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2) Important keywords \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1) - {\bf{All-or-nothing}}: Funds released only if target is achieved. \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2) - {\bf{Keep-it-all}}: Amount raised retained even if target is missed, subject to platform terms. \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 2) - {\bf{P2P Lending}}: Direct lending through an online intermediary platform. \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 2) - {\bf{Funding Target}}: Amount campaign aims to raise.% Row Count 22 (+ 2) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Private Credit}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Core concept: Loans provided by {\bf{non-bank lenders}} / private funds directly to businesses. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2) Returns: {\bf{Interest and fees}}. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1) Features: Privately {\bf{negotiated terms}}, flexible structures; secured or unsecured loans. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2) Major types: Direct Lending, Mezzanine Financing, Distressed Debt, Venture Debt, Unitranche Financing. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3) Important keywords \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1) - {\bf{Covenants}}: Conditions imposed on borrowers. \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1) - {\bf{Collateral}}: Assets pledged as loan security. \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2) - {\bf{Senior Debt}}: Higher repayment priority. \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1) - {\bf{Subordinated Debt}}: Lower repayment priority than senior debt. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2) - {\bf{Mezzanine Debt}}: Hybrid debt with equity-like features. \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2) - {\bf{Venture Debt}}: Loans to startups, often VC-backed. \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 2) - {\bf{Credit Spread}}: Additional yield over a benchmark for credit risk. \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 2) - {\bf{Unitranche Financing}}:Combines senior and junior debt into a single loan facility% Row Count 23 (+ 2) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} % That's all folks \end{multicols*} \end{document}