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% Document Info
\author{kayheartsuu (kayheartsuu)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (ap-statistics-unit-3.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (kayheartsuu (kayheartsuu))
  /Subject (AP Statistics Unit 3 Cheat Sheet)
}

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\noindent
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{AP Statistics Unit 3 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{kayheartsuu (kayheartsuu)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/162660/cs/35190/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}kayheartsuu (kayheartsuu) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/kayheartsuu} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 28th February, 2024.\\
   Updated 4th November, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{document}
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\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2 cm} x{6 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Simulations Terms}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{simulation} & the imitation of chance behavior, based on a model that accurately reflects the experiment under consideration \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
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stopping rule & "continue selecting until ..." \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{How to Write Simulation Description}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{1. Select \_\_ digit numbers to represent \_\_.} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{2. Let \_\_ - \_\_ represent \_\_\_ and let \_\_ - \_\_ represent \_\_\_.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{3. Select \_\_ or Continue selecting \_\_\_ until \_\_\_.} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{4. Record \_\_\_.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{5. Trial One : \_\_\_ ; Trial Two : \_\_\_ ; Trial Three : \_\_\_} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Simulation Example}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Alex needs a blood transfusion. She needs to find someone with B+ blood or she will die. 9\% of all people have B+ blood. How many people on average would you need to check the blood type of until you find someone who can save Alex's life?} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{1. Select 2-digit numbers to represent people} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{2. Let 00-08 represent people with B+ blood and 09-99 represent people without B+ blood} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{3. Continue selecting people until you find someone with B+ blood} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{4. Record how many people you select before you find someone with B+ blood} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{5. Trial One:6 ; Trial Two:16 ; Trial Three:15} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sampling Design Example}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{a college professor wants to survey a sample of students taking her large lecture course. There are about 150 students in the course, and 10 of those students are graduate students. She wants to take a systematic random sample of approximately 30 students. Which strategy will accomplish her intended design?} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{randomly select one of the first 5 students to arrive to class, and every 5th student thereafter to take the survey.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.96 cm} x{5.04 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Biases}}  \tn
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bias & a systematic error in measuring the estimate that would repeatedly cause the data to be wrong \tn 
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voluntary response bias & people select themselves to participate in the study \tn 
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nonresponse bias & individuals who are randomly chosen for the sample cant be contacted or refuse to cooperate \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
convenience sampling & asking people who are easy to ask; convenient but not random \tn 
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% Row 4
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under coverage bias & some groups are left out of the selection process \tn 
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response bias & the behavior of the respondent or interviewers causes you to get incorrect answers \tn 
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wording bias & when wording of the question influences the answers that are given \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.56 cm} x{5.44 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bias Examples}}  \tn
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voluntary bias & online polls, facebook questionnaires \tn 
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nonresponse bias & mailed polls, new apps on phone \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
convenience bias & friendly looking people, all people at the park \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
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\SetRowColor{white}
under coverage bias & only your neighborhood, phone books \tn 
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% Row 4
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response bias & cosplayer asking if people think cosplay is weird \tn 
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wording & using strong vocabulary \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sampling Design Terms}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
population & the entire group of individuals we want information about \tn 
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census & a complete count of the population; when you gather general information about the entire population \tn 
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sample & a part of the population we actually examine in order to gather information \tn 
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sampling design & the method used to choose the sample from the population \tn 
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sampling frame & a list of every individual in the population \tn 
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simple random sample & every individual has an equal chance of being chosen \tn 
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stratified random sample & population is divided into strata and then simple random sample is used on each stratum \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
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systematic random sample & randomly select a number between one and n and survey every nth person after that \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 4)
% Row 8
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cluster random sample & randomly pick a location and sample all from that location \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sampling Design Terms (cont)}}  \tn
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multistage sample & a combination of different sampling techniques \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{How to Describe Sampling Design}}  \tn
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simple random sample & put the names/numbers of all \_\_\_ on slips of paper and place in a hat. Mix and randomly draw \_\_\_ slips of paper without replacement. Survey the corresponding people. \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
systematic random sample & number all \_\_\_ and place \_\_\_ numbers in a hat. Mix and randomly select one number and survey the corresponding person. Survey every nth person on the list after that. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
cluster random design & number all clusters and put the numbers into a hat Mix and randomly select a number from the hat. Survey everyone in that cluster. \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
stratified random sample & sort everyone into strata then number \_\_\_ in all the stratum. place the numbers in a hat and draw \_\_ numbers. survey the corresponding people in that specific stratum. repeat the process for all strata \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.28 cm} x{4.72 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Experimental Design Types}}  \tn
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completely randomized design & experimental units are assigned completely at random to treatments \tn 
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randomized block design & experimental units are blocked in homogeneous groups and then randomly assigned to treatments \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
% Row 2
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matched pairs design & a special type of block design; match up experimental unit according to similar characteristics and randomly assign one to treatment A and the other get treatment B automatically \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.36 cm} x{4.64 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Experimental Design Terms}}  \tn
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observational study & observe outcomes without imposing any treatment \tn 
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experiment & actively impose a randomly assigned treatment in order to observe the response \tn 
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experimental unit & the single individual to which the different treatments are randomly assigned \tn 
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factor / explanatory variable & what we test or what we change \tn 
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level & a specific value or type for the factor \tn 
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response variable & what you measure or record at the end of the experiment \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 6
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treatment & a specific experimental condition applied to the units \tn 
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control group & a group that is used to compare the factor against; can be placebo \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
placebo & a "dummy" treatment that can have no physical effect; not required in every experiment \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 4)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
blinding & method used so that units or evaluators do not know which treatment units are getting \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.36 cm} x{4.64 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Experimental Design Terms (cont)}}  \tn
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double blinding & neither the units nor the evaluators know which treatment a subject recieved \tn 
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% Row 11
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confounding variable & a third variable that potentially affects both the factor and the response variable \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Three Principles of Experimental Design}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{control the effects of extraneous variables on the response} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{randomization used to assign subjects to treatments} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{replication of the experiment on many subjects to quantify the natural variation in the experiment} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Completely Randomized Design}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/kayheartsuu_1667452505_completely randomized design chart.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Randomized Block Design}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/kayheartsuu_1667452584_randomized block design chart.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Experiment Example}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{A consumer group wants to test cake pans to see which works the best. It will test aluminum, glass, and plastic pans in both gas and electric ovens} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{experimental unit: cake batter} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{factors: material of pan \& type of oven} \tn 
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{levels: aluminum, glass, or plastic \& gas or electric} \tn 
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% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{response variable: evenness of cake} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{amount of treatments: six} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}