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% Document Info
\author{kaustubhxd}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (minna-no-nihongo.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (kaustubhxd)
  /Subject (Minna No Nihongo Cheat Sheet)
}

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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
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    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Minna No Nihongo Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{kaustubhxd} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/209512/cs/45056/}}}
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\noindent
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}kaustubhxd \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/kaustubhxd} \\
  \end{tabulary}
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\columnbreak
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 28th November, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.9862 cm} x{1.9908 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Talking about self}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{N1 wa N2 des} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
watashi wa {\emph{ken}} des & I am Ken \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{ken}} to moushimas & I am Ken (polite) \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
watashi wa {\emph{indo-jin}} des & I am an Indian \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Casual form of des is da \newline Polite form of des is degozaimasu}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.83689 cm} x{2.14011 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Asking something about someone unknown}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{[}Sentence{]} ka?} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
ano-hito wa dare des ka & Who is that person? \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
ano-kata wa donata des ka & {\emph{polite form}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{anohito}} -\textgreater{} that person \newline {\emph{dare}} / {\emph{donata}} (p) - who}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.63781 cm} x{2.33919 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Talking about age}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{maria-san}} wa nan-sai des ka & How old are you Maria-san? \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{maria-san}} wa oikutsu des ka & {\emph{polite form}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\textbackslash{}\textasciitilde{}sai -\textgreater{} \textbackslash{}\textasciitilde{}years old}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.04057 cm} x{2.93643 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Inviting someone along (e particle)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Isshyoni eki e ikimasen ka & Won't you go to the station w/ me? (polite) \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
kyoto e ikimashou & Let's go to Kyoto (pushy) \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
isshyoni ocha o nomimasen ka & Won't you have tea with me (L10) \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{I've noticed {\emph{e}} is used when subject is talking about going towards a destination. \newline {\emph{de}} is used when talking about being there \newline  \newline Reply to invitations can be - hai, ii des (Yes, sounds good)}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.68758 cm} x{2.28942 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{nan vs nani}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Usage of nan & Usage of nani \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Before ta,da,na syllables (des,no) & Directly saying "What?" \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Before counters(\textasciitilde{}sai,\textasciitilde{}nin) & Before particles {\emph{o}} and {\emph{mo}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.64241 cm} x{3.33459 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Common phrases}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Atsui des ne & It's hot isn't it? \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Taihen des ne & That's tough, isn't it? \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
ikimas yo / oishi yo & I'm going! / This is tasty! (emphasise new info) \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.78712 cm} x{2.18988 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Is it A or B or both?}}  \tn
% Row 0
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N1 ka, N2 ka & It is N1 or N2? \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
hon ka, jisho ka & Is it a book or a dictionary \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
dou-yobi to nichi-yobi hatarakimasen & I don't work on Sat \& Sun \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.74195 cm} x{3.23505 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Pronunciation inflections}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
n + p = \textasciitilde{}mp & sanposhi -\textgreater{} samposhi \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
n + k = \textasciitilde{}ng & nankai -\textgreater{} nangkai \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Demonstrative (Pointing) words}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{thing} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{thing/person} \tn 
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{place} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{direction/place(p)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Examples: \newline 1. {\emph{toire}} wa asoko des - Toilet is that way \newline 2. {\emph{pasokon uriba}} wa ikkai des - Computer dept is on the 1st floor \newline 3. ken-san wa kaigishitsu des - Ken is in the conference room (Better - ken-san wa kaigishitsu ni imasu) \newline  \newline doko/dochira is also used to ask for country, organisation etc. \newline 1. kuni wa dochira des ka \newline  \newline {\emph{sochira}} also means "your place"}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.33919 cm} x{2.63781 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Did you do it {\emph{already}} ?}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
mou tabemashita ka & Did you eat already? \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{To confirm, say "hai, tabemashita" \newline To deny, say "iie, mada des" (no, not yet)}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Interrogative words}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
dare / donata & who (person) \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
doko & where \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
dou (dou des ka) & how (is it) \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
donna & what kind of \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
nan / nani & what \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
dore & which one \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
dochira & which of the two \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
doushite & why \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Explaining why you did something}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
jikan ga amari arimasen kara benkyoshimasen & I didn't have much time, that's why I didn't study \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
benkyoshimasen. jikan ga amari arimasen kara & I didn't study. I didn't have much time, that's why \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{kara is used as "that's why" here}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.01388 cm} p{1.09848 cm} x{1.46464 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Adverbs of degree or quantity}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Degree & Quantity \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Affirmative & yoku & takusan \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & daitai &  \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & skoshi & skoshi \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Negative & amari & amari \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & zenzen & zenzen \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{These are used before verbs or adjectives \newline yoku = very well | takusan = plenty \newline daitai = roughly/mostly | skoshi = little bit \newline amari = not very much | zenzen = not at all \newline  \newline Note: Use the negative form of the verb when the adverb is negative \newline Eg: skoshi wakarimas (I understand a little bit) | amari wakarimasen (I don't understand much) \newline  \newline Usage w/ adjectives \newline Eg: koko wa skoshi samui des (It's a little cold here)}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.14011 cm} x{2.83689 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Self Introduction (jiko-shokai)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
hajimemashite & How do you do (lit. for the first time) \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
watashi wa {\emph{ken}} des & I am Ken \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
indo-jin des & I'm Indian \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{indo}} kara kimashita & I am from India ({\emph{polite}}) \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{daigakusai}} / {\emph{kaishain}} des & I am a student / an employee \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
douzo yoroshiku onegaishimas & Pleased to meet you \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & lit. Please be nice to me \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.28942 cm} x{2.68758 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Accept / Deny a statement}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{N1 wa N2 ja arimasen} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
watashi wa ken des & I am Ken \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
watashi wa {\emph{maria}} ja arimasen & I am not Maria \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
watashi wa {\emph{nihon-jin}} ja arimasen & I am not Japanese \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{maria-san}} wa sensei ja arimasen & Maria is not a teacher \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
sou des / sou des ka / sou des ne & Yes. it is / Is that so? / It is, isn't it? \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
sou ja arimasen / chigaimas & No. it isn't \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The opposite of {\emph{des}} is {\emph{ja arimasen}} \newline The polite form of {\emph{ja}} is {\emph{denwa}}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.63781 cm} x{2.33919 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Using {\emph{also}} or {\emph{too}}}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{N1 mo N2 des} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{maria-san}} mo {\emph{enginia}} des & Maria is also an engineer \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{watashi}} mo & Me too \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.41887 cm} x{1.60195 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Counting}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Hundreds & Thousands \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
1- ichi & hyaku &  \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
2- ni & \textasciitilde{} &  \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
3- san & sanbyaku & sanzen \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{4 - yon (shi)} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{5 - go} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
6 - roku & roppyaku &  \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{7 - nana (shichi)} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
8 - hachi & happyaku & hassen \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{9 - kyu (ku)} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{10 - juu} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Inflections:  \newline ku-ji  \newline shi-gatsu, shichi-gatsu, ku-gatsu}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.43873 cm} x{2.53827 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Going places}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{[}place{]} e \seqsplit{ikimas/kimas/kaerimas} & Going to/Coming from/ Back to {[}place{]} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
kyo-nen nihon e kimashita & I came to Japan last year \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
raishu doko e ikimas ka & Where are you going next week? \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
doko-mo ikimasen & I'm going nowhere \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
kare-no uchi e nan de ikimas ka & How do you go to his house? \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
densha de ikimas & I go by train \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
kare wa Maria-san to gakkou e ikimas & He goes to school with Maria * \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
dare to rondon e ikimashita ka & Who did you go to London with? * \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
kazoku wa itsu kimas ka & When is your family coming? \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Kaerimas is usually used to say "Going back home" \newline doko-mo means "everywhere". adding ikimasen makes it "I'm going nowhere". Other examples: dare-mo, nani-mo \newline  \newline Particle "e" is used to denote direction i.e towards somethins (कडे) \newline Particle "de" is used to medium of action (मध्ये) \newline  \newline * Sentence structure in Japanese is usually {[}subject{]} {[}with/on/to{]} {[}verb{]} des \newline The order of {[}with/on/to{]} indicates the primary focus}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.43873 cm} x{2.53827 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{How to say a certain word in a language}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
"Thank you" wa nihon-go de nan des ka? & What is "Thank you" called in Japanese? \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.83689 cm} x{2.14011 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Using adjective in sentences}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
maria wa kirei des & Maria is beautiful \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
maria wa hima ja arimasen & Maria is not free \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
eiga wa omoshirokunai des & The movie is not interesting \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
kore wa suteki-na kaban des & This is a nice bag \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
osaka wa totemo nigiyaka des & Osaka is a lively city \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
osaka wa amari shizuka-na machi ja arimasen & Osaka is not a very quiet city \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
kore wa omoshiro-kunai eiga des & This movie is not interesting \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{There are 2 types of adj: na \& i adjectives \newline Adj. ending with -i are called i adj. (eg: omoshiroi)  \newline Exceptions: kirei, yumei are na adj. \newline  \newline When we add adj. just before noun: \newline 1. For na, we add -na suffix eg: kirei-na hito \newline 2. For i, it remains the same \newline  \newline To negate: \newline 1. For na, adjective inflects if before a noun, and we add ja arimasen \newline 2. For i, we remove i and replace with {\emph{kunai}} eg: takakunai, yokunai des \newline  \newline Adverbs are totemo (very) and amari (not very)}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.18988 cm} x{2.78712 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Asking for something}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
sumimasen, camera wa arimasen ka & Excuse me, do you have a camera/cameras? \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{This can be used with a friend or in a store}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mentioning multiple similar things}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
yasai ya kudamono (nado) o kaimashita & I bought vegetables, fruits and so on \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{nado can be optional. better to use it for now}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.83689 cm} x{2.14011 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Asking something about someone known}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{N1 wa N2 des ka} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{maria-san}} wa sensei des ka & Is Maria a teacher? \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
ano-hito wa {\emph{maria}} des ka & Is that person Maria? \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Adding \textasciitilde{}ka to a statement turns it into a question \newline \textasciitilde{}ka is spoken with a rising intonation}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.58804 cm} x{2.38896 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Someone's something ({\emph{no}} particle)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{N1 no N2} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{ken}} wa {\emph{apple}} no shain des & Ken is an employee of Apple \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{maria}} wa {\emph{pune}} daigaku no gakusei des & Maria is a student of Pune University \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
kono kasa wa watashi-no des & This umbrella is mine \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
itaria no kutsu & Italian shoes \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{3.58344 cm} x{1.39356 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Express time}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
ima {\emph{ni-ji juu-fun}} des & It's 9:10 now \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
ginko wa ni-ja kara go-ji made des & Bank is \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{3.03597 cm} x{1.94103 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Everyday habits}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
mai-nichi roku-ji ni okimas & I wake up at 6 everyday \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
kesa roku-ji ni okimashta & I woke up at 6 yesterday \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
hiru-yasumi wa ichi-ji kara ni-ji made des & Lunch break is from 1 to 2 \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The present and future forms of verbs are the same. eg: okimas \newline Add \textasciitilde{}masen to verbs to indicate the opposite. eg: okimasen \newline For past form, change mas to mashita | masen to masendeshita}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.04057 cm} x{2.93643 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Talking about something nearby}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
kore wa / sore wa / are wa & this / that / that over there unknown thing \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
kono / sono / ano & this / that / that over there known thing \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
kore wa hon des ka? & Is this a book? \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
sono hon wa anata-no des ka? & Is that book yours? \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.83689 cm} x{2.14011 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Express time}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
ima {\emph{ni-ji juu-fun}} des & It's 9:10 now \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
ginko wa ni-ji kara go-ji made des & Bank is (open) from 2 to 5 \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.33919 cm} x{2.63781 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Describing actions (o/de particle)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{mizu}} o nomimas & I drink water \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{sakka/kaigi/denwa}} o shimas & I play soccer/hold meeting/call \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
nani o shimas ka & What are you doing? \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
restoran de tabemas & I eat at a restaurant \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
doko de aimasu ka* & Where will you meet? \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Structure of sentence is: {\emph{Subject}} wa {[}ni/de{]} {\emph{object}} o {\emph{verb}}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.43873 cm} x{2.53827 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Using something to do something (de particle)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
hashi de tabemas & I eat with chopsticks \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
eigo de tegami o kakimashita & I wrote the letter in English \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.68758 cm} x{2.28942 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Giving and receiving}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
anata ni kore o agemasu & I'll give this to you \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
ken wa maria ni okane o kashimashita & Ken lent money to Maria \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
gakko e denwa o kakemas * & I'll call the school \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
maria wa ken ni hana o moriamashita & Maria received flowers from Ken \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{If the verb denotes giving (eg: agemas, kashimas), we use {\emph{ni}} in front of the receiver \newline {\emph{*}} If receiver is a place/organisation, we use {\emph{e}} instead of {\emph{ni}}  \newline  \newline If the verb denotes receiving (eg: moraimas), we use {\emph{ni}} in front of the giver}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.43873 cm} x{2.53827 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{When to use ga particle}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
kuruma ga arimas & I have a car \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
nihongo ga wakarimas & I understand Japanese \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
dansu ga suki des & I like dancing \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
eiga ga kirai des & I hate the movie \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
spotsu ga jouzu des & I'm good at sports \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
ryori ga heta des & I'm bad at cooking \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{1. When verb is arimas/wakarimas \newline 2. Expressing likes/dislikes \newline 3. Expressing if you're good or bad at something}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.78712 cm} x{2.18988 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{There is something at some place}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
inu ga arimas & There is a dog \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
uchi ni {\emph{maria}} ga imasu & Maria is at home \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{ken}} wa jimusho ni imasu & Ken is in the office \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
inu wa doko ni imasu ka & Where is the dog? \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{imasu is used for living self-moving objects \newline you can use arimasu for inanimate objects}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.84149 cm} x{3.13551 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Words describing relative position}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
ue & above \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
shita & below \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
mae & in front of \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
ushira & behind \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
migi & right (side) \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
hidari & left (side) \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
naka & inside \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
soto & outside \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
tonari & next to \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
chikaku & near \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{hon wa terebi no ue ni arimasu \newline The book is on top of the tv \newline thing {\emph{no}} position}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}