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\author{katwalker11}
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  /Title (skeletal-and-muscular-system-overview.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (katwalker11)
  /Subject (Skeletal and Muscular System Overview Cheat Sheet)
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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Skeletal and Muscular System Overview Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{katwalker11} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/132666/cs/27002/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}katwalker11 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/katwalker11} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 10th March, 2021.\\
   Updated 10th March, 2021.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{4}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bony components of the skeletal system}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What are the functions of the skeletal system?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Support, movement, protection, mineral storage, electrolyte/pH balance, detox (absorb metals and foreign elements), and blood cell formation} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What is osseous tissue and how is it formed/maintained?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Osseous tissue is connective tissue with a hard extracellular matrix. It is formed through ossification ({\bf{endochondral}} {[}cartilage model is replaced by bone{]} and {\bf{intramembranous}} {[}bone develops from mesenchymal sheet{]})} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What are the different bone classifications? (Think shape)} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Irregular, flat, short, long, and sesamoid} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What are the connective tissue membranes of bones?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Periosteum, perforating fibers, nutrient foramina, endosteum and articular cartilage} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What are the microanatomical structures of compact bone?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Osteons are the structural unit of compact bone, lamella are the rings of the calcified matrix (circumferential are the external and internal surface of compact bone and interstitial lamellae are found in between osteons), the central canal is at the core of the osteon and has the nerve and blood supply, perforating canals extend from the marrow cavity to the periosteum providing blood supply, canaliculi connect neighboring osteocytes and capillaries} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 12)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What are the microanatomical structures of spongy bone?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Trabeculae are the structural component of spongy bone (porous), it has layers of lamellae but NO osteons, often has bone marrow (yellow is fat and red is blood)} \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 6)
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\vfill
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bony components of the skeletal system (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What characteristics of bone prevent breakage?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Trabecular organization is meant to form along stress lines and resist stress with low mass. The structure of lamellae resist breakage because of their spiraling layers of calcified rings} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Define bone appositional growth} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Bones widen and thicken (circumferential lamellae are added)} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Define bone elongation} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}growth at the epiphyseal plate} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{How does bone elongation occur?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Starts at the zone of reserve: matrix production. Second stage is the proliferative zone: mitosis takes place. Third is the zone of hypertrophy: lipids, glycogen and alkaline phosphatase accumulate; the matrix calcifies. Fourth is the zone of calcification: chondrocyte cell death. Last is the zone of ossification: where the new bone is.} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 9)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What is bone marrow? Where are the different marrows found?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}It is soft, spongy tissue present in bone. Red marrow is typically found in the epiphysis of bone and yellow marrow is found in the medullary cavity of long bones.} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 6)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What bones develop through endochondral ossifcation?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}All bones from the base of the skull down (aside from the clavicles)} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 4)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What bones develop through intramembranous ossification?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Flat bones of the skull, the clavicles, and some of the facial bones} \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 4)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bony components of the skeletal system (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What are the functions of bone remodeling?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Functions to respond to mechanical stress/injury (maintain blood calcium and PO4\textasciicircum{}3-\textasciicircum{}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What are the processes involved in bone remodeling?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Resorption- osteoclast activity Deposition- osteoblast activity} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What are bone fractures?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}A broken bone due to trauma (high stress)} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What are the processes involved in bone repair?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}1. Hematoma formation (fracture hematoma) 2. Soft callus formation 3. Hard callus formation 4. Remodeling} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.54485 cm} x{1.88815 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cartilaginous Components of the Skeletal System}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Hyaline Cartilage Characteristics & Most common cartilage with lots of tissue fluid \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Elastic Cartilage Characteristics & Contains elastic and collagen fibers \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Fibrocartilage Characteristcs & Contains thick collagen fibers \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Hyaline Cartilage Functions & Support, cushions, eases movement and is the template for bone growth \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Elastic Cartilage Function & Provide flexible support (recoil) \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Fibrocartilage Functions & Resist compression and absorb shock \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bones of the Body}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What are cranial bones? What are facial bones?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Cranial bones are the flat bones of the skull. Facial bones are any of the bones surrounding the mouth and nose and contributing to the eye socket} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What is the vertebral column? What are the different types of vertebrae?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}The vertebral column is the central axis of the skeleton, it provides muscle attachments, protects the spinal cord, and supports the trunk. The different types of vertebrae include cervical vertebrae (7), thoracic vertebrae (12), and lumbar vertebrae (5), included is the sacrum and the coccyx.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 9)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What are the curves of the spine?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Kyphosis- concave anteriorly Lordosis- concave posteriorly} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What bones make up the thoracic cage?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}The sternum (manubrium, body, and xiphoid) and 12 pairs of ribs (true are 1-7, false are 8-12, floating are 11-12)} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What bones make up the brachium, antebrachium, and the hand?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Brachium: humerus. Antebrachium: ulna and radius. Hand: carpals (8), metacarpals (5), and phalanges (14)} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What bones make up the pelvic girdle?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}The hip bones (coxal, ossa coxae, pelvic, innominate), the pelvis and articulates (ilium and ischium)} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bones of the Body (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What bones make up the thigh, crura (leg), and feet?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Thigh: femur. Crura: tibia and fibula. Foot: tarsals (7), metatarsals (5), and phalanges (14)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.09856 cm} x{2.33444 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Functional Joint Classification}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Synarthroses} & immobile (short fibers) \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Amphiarthroses} & limited mobility (long fibers) \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Diarthroses & Freely movable \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.61351 cm} x{1.81949 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Structural Joint Classification}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Bony (synarthrotic) joints & The space between two bones ossifies (hip, epiphyseal line, frontal bone) \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Fibrous (synarthrotic) joints & Elements are connected by fibrous connective tissue (3 types: sutures {[}bind bones of the skull{]}, gomphosis {[}anchors tooth root in socket{]}, and syndesmosis {[}bones attached via ligaments{]}) \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 9)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Cartilaginous (ampiarthrotic) joints & Bones are attached via cartilage (synchondroses {[}hyaline cartilage unites bone{]} and symphyses {[}fibrocartilage connects bone{]}) \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Synovial (diarthrotic) joints & Bones are structurally complex \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Synovial Joints}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What are the \seqsplit{characteristics/structures} associated with synovial joints?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}1. {\bf{Joint (articular) capsule}}- encloses the joint cavity and has a fibrous capsule and synovial membrane. 2. {\bf{Synovial Fluid}} 3. {\bf{Articular cartilage}} Accessory structures include {\bf{tendons}} (joint stabilization), {\bf{ligaments}} (reinforcing the capsule), and {\bf{bursae}} (fluid filled fibrous sacs that ease friction in the joint)} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What are the full structural classifications of synovial joints?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Uniaxial diarthrotic joints, biaxial diarthrotic joints, multiaxial diarthrotic joints, and sometimes nonaxial diarthrotic joints} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What are the full functional classifications of synovial joints?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}{\bf{Pivot}}- uniaxial {\bf{Hinge}}-uniaxial {\bf{Condylar}}-biaxial {\bf{Saddle}}- biaxial {\bf{Plane}}- biaxial/nonaxial {\bf{Ball and Socket}}- multiaxial} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.3732 cm} x{2.0598 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Muscle Function and Properties}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Muscle Functions & Movement, posture/joint stabilization, open \& close passages, heat production \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Properties of muscle tissue & Excitation, conductivity, contractility, elasticity, and extensibility \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Skeletal muscle & Striated, voluntary \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Cardiac muscle & Striated, involuntary \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Smooth muscle & involuntary \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Histology of Muscles}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What are the structures of skeletal muscle fibers?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Sarcolemma, sarcoplasma, myofibrils, t-tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum, glycogen, and myoglobin} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What is the sarcolemma?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}plasma membrane of muscle cells (excitable)} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What is the sarcoplasm?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}the cytoplasm of muscle cells} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What is the T-Tubule?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}invaginations of sarcolemma} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What is the function of a t-tubule?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Conduct nerve impulses throughout muscle} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Elaborate smooth ER surrounding myofibrils} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}store and release calcium} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Structure of Myofibrils}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What are myofibrils?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}the contractile organelles of skeletal and cardiac muscle} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What are the structures of myofibrils?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Actin (thin filaments) and myosin (thick filaments)} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What are sarcomeres?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}the functional unit of muscle} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What proteins/structures make up a sarcomere?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Myofilaments, z disks, m line, titin, a band, h band, and I band} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Muscle Contraction}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1. Cross-bridge forms: myosin heads binds to actin} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{2. Myosin "flexes" and pulls on actin} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{3. Actin pulls Z disk towards each other} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Muscle Relaxation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Nervous stimulation stops} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{SR absorbs calcium} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Cross-bridges no longer form} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Muscle returns to resting length} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Muscle Contraction Questions}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What is excitation-contraction coupling?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}The nerve sends the impulse, the impulse excites the muscle, so the muscle contracts} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What is the sliding filament model?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}thin filaments pulled past thick (filaments do not shorten} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What happens to each element of a sarcomere during contraction?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}{\bf{I Band-}} narrows, {\bf{H Zone-}} narrows {\bf{A Band-}} unaffected {\bf{Z Disk-}} unaffected} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What are the roles of Ca+ and ATP during contraction?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Calcium binds the myosin heads to actin and ATP breaks the binding apart} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What happens during relaxation?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Cross-bridges are no longer forming and the muscle returns to its resting length} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What are the different types of muscle contraction?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}{\bf{Concentric-}} muscle shortens (movement upwards) {\bf{Eccentric-}} muscle is trying to contact but the load is too heavy (movement downwards) {\bf{Isometric-}} muscle remains contracted (0 movement)} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.6866 cm} x{2.7464 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fascicle Arrangement}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Parallel} & fascicles are parallel to each other (sartorius) \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Fusiform} & a bulging parallel muscle (biceps brachii) \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Circular} & go in a circle around something (orbicularis oris) \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Convergent} & broad base to a narrow end, kinda like a triangle (pectoralis major) \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Pennate & attach to CT at an oblique angle; feather like \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Muscle Growth \& Atrophy}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What is hypertrophy and how does it occur?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}muscle fibers get bigger, connective tissue development increases} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What is atrophy and how does it occur?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}number of myofibrils and sarcomeres decrease, reduced use} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Muscle Attachment}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What is the origin?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Where the muscle is less mobile} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What is the insertion?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Where the muscle is more mobile} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{During normal movement what attachment moves toward the other?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Insertion moves toward the origin} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What is a direct attachment?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}It looks fleshy, kinda like muscle to muscle} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What is an indirect attachment?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Aponeurosis and tendon} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{How do muscles attach?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}CT sheaths fuse/fused sheaths attach to bone (at periosteum)} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.6866 cm} x{2.7464 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Muscle Actions}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Linear & Protraction, retraction, elevation, depression, and compression \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Angular & Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, and lateral flexion \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Rotational} & Rotation, medial/lateral rotation \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Pronation} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Supination} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Eversion} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Inversion} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Muscle Interactions}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What is the agonist?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}the prime mover, it is the muscle doing the action} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What is the synergist?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}the helper to the prime mover (produces the same action as the agonist)} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What is the antagonist?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}muscle with the opposite action of the agonist} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What is the fixator?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}the muscles that stabilize the joint} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Levers}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What is the lever?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}the "bar" (bone)} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What is the fulcrum?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}the point of movement (joint)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What is the effort?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}the force exerted (muscle)} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What is the load?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}what is being moved} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What are the benefits of lever systems?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}moving a heavy load with less effort and moving a load farther/faster} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Describe mechanical advantages} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}the further the effort arm is from the joint, the better the mechanical advantage} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{How do you find the mechanical advantage?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}effort arm/load arm {\bf{Higher the number, the higher the advantage}}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Lever System}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{3.833cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/katwalker11_1615416732_Screen Shot 2021-03-10 at 2.51.25 PM.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}