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% Document Info
\author{katwalker11}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (bio-251-exam-1.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (katwalker11)
  /Subject (BIO 251 Exam 1 Cheat Sheet)
}

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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{BIO 251 Exam 1 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{katwalker11} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/132666/cs/28035/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}katwalker11 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/katwalker11} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 18th February, 2022.\\
   Updated 18th February, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.23965 cm} x{2.73735 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Various endocrine organs and functions of each}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Hypothalamus \seqsplit{(control/integrator)} & releasing hormones to the anterior pituitary (blood communication) and direct connection to posterior pituitary (nerve communication) \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Pineal gland & sleep \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Pituitary gland & 1st hormones to body organs \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Pancreas & Insulin and glucagon \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Thyroid gland & Parafollicular cells, high blood calcium, storage of calcium in bone \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Parathyroid gland & low blood calcium, parathyroid hormone (pth), release calcium into blood from bone \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.9908 cm} x{2.9862 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Pituitary gland}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Adrenal glands & stress response, blood pressure response, blood osmolarity, sex hormones \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Thyroid gland & follicular cells, release thyroid hormone (t3 and t4) to increase metabolism and body temperature \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Mammary gland & secretion of milk for offspring \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Testes & make and release testosterone \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Ovaries & make and release estrogen and progesterone \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Melanocytes & makes melanin, protection from UV rays \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Ductus deferens & orgasm response, semen \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Uterine and vaginal muscles & orgasm response, childbirth \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Liver & blood sugar regulation and storage, growth hormone signaling to muscle and bone \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 4)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
Bone & growth hormone cycle \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Muscle & growth hormone cycle, glucose storage \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
Kidneys & water and blood pressure \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Steroid and non-steroid hormone mechanisms}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{What are characteristics of steroid hormones?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}lipid so they enter the cell and go into the nucleus and target DNA to make new proteins} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{What are characteristics of a non-steroid hormone?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}do not enter cell, interact with surface proteins -\textgreater{}  secondary messenger internally in the cell to cause response  (signaling cascade)} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{T3T4 production for thyroid gland (hypothalamus)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Temp/metabolism feedback loop} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Low metabolism - low T3T4, low body temp} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{TRH  -\textgreater{} TSH -\textgreater{} follicular cells release the follicle containing T3 and T4 -\textgreater{} increase metabolism} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.74195 cm} x{3.23505 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Thyroid Follicular Cells and Parafollicular Cells}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Parafollicular} & High calcium \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Follicular & Low metabolism (T3 and T4) \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4577 cm} x{2.01388 cm} x{2.10542 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Layers of Adrenal Gland}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Cortex} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Zona glomerulosa & stress response - cortisol \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Zona fasciculata & low blood volume - aldosterone \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Zona reticularis & DHEA and androstenedione, precursors  to sex hormones \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Medulla} & stress response - epinephrine and  norepinephrine &  \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Basic Knowledge for Multiple Choice}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Know the effects of the \seqsplit{renin-angiotensin-aldosterone} system and how it regulates blood volume and blood pressure in detail} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Know how ACE inhibitors work} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Know how ADH works and how it regulates blood osmolarity and blood pressure} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Diabetes mellitus (I and II) effects on bg}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Type I & no production of insulin \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Type II & we may or may not make insulin and body cells no longer respond to insulin - insulin resistance \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Insulin beta cells use glucose so we can't control high glucose levels & Low levels can cause diabetic coma \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.73232 cm} x{1.92234 cm} x{1.92234 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Endocrine Pathology}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Hyperthyroidism} & High thyroid activity - weight loss, etc., cushing's syndrome, insomnia, hyperactivity &  \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Hypothyroidsim} & A lack of temp. control, weight gain, hair loss, lethargy, etc. &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Diabetes} & sugar in urine (sweet urine) &  \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Insipidus & Kidneys processing too quickly, water goes through too fast, excessive urination, dehydration \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Mellitus & insulin issues \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Endocrine System}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{What are the similarities of the endocrine and nervous systems?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Both control systems (homeostasis and other)} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{What are some differences of the nervous and endocrine systems?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Mode of communication (endo- hormones nerv- electrial signals) \{\{nl\}\}Speed of response (endo- slow nerv- fast) \{\{nl\}\}Duration of change/response (endo- longish term nerv- gone fast)} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.4931 cm} x{3.4839 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Blood Glucose Feedback Loop}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Stimulus & Increased blood glucose \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Sensor/Integrator} & Pancreatic Beta cells \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Hormone Released & Insulin \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Effector & Liver and skeletal muscle \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Response & Liver and skeletal muscle uptake glucose -\textgreater{} glycogen \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Result & Decrease In blood glucose and return to homeostasis \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.4931 cm} x{3.4839 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Growth Hormone Feedback Loop}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Stimulus & Low blood glucose, sleep, or stress \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Sensor/Integrator} & Hypothalamus \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Hormone Released & GHRH \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Target & Anterior Pituitary Somatotropes \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Hormone Released & GH \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Effector & Liver, bones, muscles, fat cells \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Response & Increase blood glucose, cell growth and proliferation, bone length, muscle mass, lipolysis. Decrease glucose uptake \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 5)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Result & Return to homeostatic blood glucose levels and growth and repair of the body \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.4931 cm} x{3.4839 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Calcium Feedback Loop (High)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Stimulus & Increased blood Ca\textasciicircum{}2+\textasciicircum{} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Sensor/Integrator} & Parafollicular cells in thyroid gland \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Hormone released & Calctionin \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Effectors & Osteoblasts \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Responses & Osteoblasts activity increases = put calcium into bone \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Result & Blood calcium level decreases back to normal \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.4931 cm} x{3.4839 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Calcium Feedback Loop (Low)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Stimulus & Decreased blood Ca\textasciicircum{}2+\textasciicircum{} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Sensor/Integrator} & Parathyroid glands \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Hormone released & PTH \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Effectors & Osteoclasts, kidneys, intestines \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Responses & Osteoclasts degrade bone matrix which releases calcium into blood, kidney (reabsorb Ca) targets liver which releases Vit. D. Vit D to intestines absorb more calcium \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 6)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Result & Calcium blood return to normal range \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.4931 cm} x{3.4839 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Calcium Feedback Loop (Low)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Stimulus & Decreased blood Ca\textasciicircum{}2+\textasciicircum{} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Sensor/Integrator} & Parathyroid glands \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Hormone released & PTH \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Effectors & Osteoclasts, kidneys, intestines \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Responses & Osteoclasts degrade bone matrix which releases calcium into blood, kidney (reabsorb Ca) targets liver which releases Vit. D. Vit D to intestines absorb more calcium \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 6)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Result & Calcium blood return to normal range \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.4931 cm} x{3.4839 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Metabolism Feedback Loop}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Stimulus & Decrease in T3 and T4 concentrations \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Sensor/Integrator} & Chemo and temp receptors, Hypothalamus \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Hormone Released & Hypothalamus releases TRH \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Target & Anterior pituitary \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Hormone released & TSH \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Target & Thyroid gland (follicular cells) \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Hormone released & Thyroid gland released T3 and T4 \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Effector & Body tissues \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Response & Increased metabolic activity \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
Result & Return to homeostatic body temperature, increase in energy \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Lymphatic System}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
What are characteristics of the lymphatic system? & Vessels, nodes, and accessory organs filled with water like fluid \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
What is the purpose of the lymphatic system? & To return free fluid in the body back to the blood, houses and matures the WBC \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4577 cm} x{2.05965 cm} x{2.05965 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Function of Lymphatic sys. \& Accessory}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Vessels} & Vessels, trunks, ducts & Absorption of interstitial fluid and transportation of lymph \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Nodes & Structures that house and allow for storage of an maturation of lymphocytes & Monitor lymph fluid for pathogens \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Thymus} & where T cells mature &  \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Spleen} & Were we send red blood cells to be recycled , storage of WBC &  \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Lacteals} & in the intestine microvilli fat absorption &  \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
MALT & nodules to monitor incoming solutes for pathogens, in mucosa &  \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.38896 cm} x{2.58804 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Lymph Drainage}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Right lymphatic duct & right lymphatic vessels of the right facde, right neck, right arm, right axillary and cervical lymph nodes \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Left lymphatic duct aka thoracic duct & All remaining lymph vessels and nodes of the upper body and the total lower body. Left cervical, left axillary, l+r iliac, l+r inguinal lymph nodes \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Role of the lymphatic sys. in immune response}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{House and mature many white blood cells, we transport WBC from tissues back into circulation, nodes monitor cells and pathogens that travel through} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Erythrocyte recycling}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Break down old RBC with the spleen and liver, dispose of bilirubin as bile, reuse iron to make new RBC} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Blood}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{What are general characteristics of blood?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Fluid, proteins, cells} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.29402 cm} x{3.68298 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Functions of blood}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Transportation} & Gases, nutrients, hormons, WBCs (immune response throughout the body) \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Blood recipient prob and erythroblastosis fetalis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Agglutination with the wrong type blood - destroy blood, death} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Mother is Rh- and has been exposed to positive blood/antigen, has made antibodies against Rh+, will attack fetus} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Clotting Disorders}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Lack of platelet production = no clot = thrombocytopenia} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Hemophilia - genetic disorder that stops/lacks conversion of clotting factors} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{0.84609 cm} x{4.13091 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Thrombus and Embolus}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Thrombus} & Clot forming where it does not belong, usually in an artery with cholesterol crystal deposits \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Embolus} & Thrombus dislodging from the clot, can block a vessel somewhere else in the body, I.e. pulmonary embolus \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.34379 cm} x{3.63321 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Steps of Hemostasis (basic steps)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Vascular spasms & let a ton of blood in the area to provide platelets \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Platelet plug & platelets start to stick together and adhere to endothelium and CT \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Coagulation} & 1. Prothrombin activator released by damage \{\{nl\}\} 2.PA converts prothrombin into thrombin \{\{nl\}\} 3. Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin (insoluble - not dissolvable) \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Anemia and Polycythemia}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Anemia & low O2 to tissues \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Hemorrhagic anemia & caused by blood loss \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Hemolytic anemia & excessive RBC destruction with low hematopoiesis \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Aplastic anemia & bone marrow is not functioning enough (during and after chemo) \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Iron deficient & not enough iron to make hemoglobin \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Sickle Cell anemia & inherited Hb mutation \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Polycythemia} & high RBC - blood is too viscous/thick dec. O2 delivery to tissues, lead to clots \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.34379 cm} x{3.63321 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Components of blood and plasma}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Plasma & proteins (albumins {[}most abundant{]}, globulins, fibrinogen), water, solutes (ions, waste, gases, regulation molecules/hormones) \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Formed elements & cells and others \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Erythrocyte} & transportation of gases \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Leukocytes} & Immune response \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Platelets & Blood clotting \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.33919 cm} x{2.63781 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{RBC Count}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Low RBC & Tired/lethargy, dizziness/light headedness, increased heart rate, headaches, shortness of breath, pale skin \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Extra RBC but not too high & Blood doping, inc. O2 carrying capacity, decreases fatigue, inc. performance \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
High RBC (low plasma - dehydration) & Fatigue, shortness of breath, insomnia, itchy skin \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hematocrit}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\% of formed elements specifically RBC} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Estimate of oxygen carrying capacity} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.4931 cm} x{3.4839 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hematopoiesis Feedback Loop}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Stimulus & Decreased O2 to tissues \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Sensor/intefrator} & Kidney \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Signal released & Erythropoietin \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Effector & Spongy bone - red bone marrow \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Response & Make RBC \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Result & Inc. delivery of O2 to tissues back to homeostasis \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hematopoesis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Making of blood cells - differentiation of stem cells & Myeloid stem cells (makes RBC, platelets, basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes). Lymphoid stem cells (lymphocytes) \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Red bone marrow & in spongy bone \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Structure of Hb Subunits}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Alpha chains x2} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Beta chains x2} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Each chain forms around an iron molecule (Fe) (1 Heme = chain + Fe)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{4 heme = hemoglobin} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1 heme carries 1 O2} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1 hemoglobin - carries 4 O2} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4177 cm} x{1.2531 cm} x{1.2531 cm} x{1.2531 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hb binding affinity for O2 and CO2}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Lungs & pH - high pH -\textgreater{} inc. O2 affinity and binding & Temp - cold -\textgreater{} inc. O2 affinity and binding & Partial Pressure - lots of O2 -\textgreater{} inc. O2 affinity and binding \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Body \seqsplit{tissues} & pH - low pH -\textgreater{} dec. O2 affinity and binding allow CO2 binding & Temp - lots of metabolism inc. heat -\textgreater{} dec. O2 affinity and binding allow CO2 binding & Partial Pressure - lots of CO2 -\textgreater{} dec. O2 affinity and bonding \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Facts for RBCs}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{About 44\% of blood} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{4-7million/mm\textasciicircum{}3\textasciicircum{} in an adult} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Live for about 120 days} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Anucleate at maturity} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Purpose of RBC Shape}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Biconcave & increases surface area to increase diffusion fro transportation \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
How does sickle cell anemia affect the shape? & changes the surface area of the cell, changes the Hb folding, \seqsplit{holding/transporting} less material, the hook shape can get stuck together more easily causing clots \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{0.84609 cm} x{4.13091 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Lymphocytes}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
B cells & antibody making memory cells, pathogens we have come across before (bacteria, virus, etc.) \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
T cells & memory cells that target the cells or other pathogens that are foreign directly \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
NK cells & cancer killers, destroy abnormal cells \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.09494 cm} x{3.88206 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Leukocytes}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Neutrophils} & innate immunity, bacterial infection \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Lymphocytes} & adaptive immunity \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Monocytes} & innate immunity, but will follow b cell orders or antibody flags, macrophage, usually stay in peripheral tissues \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Eosinophils} & innate immunity, parasites \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Basophils} & damage identifying cells, increase inflammation and blood flow to damaged but not bleeding areas \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}