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  /Title (grade-12-chemistry.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (katiemc8)
  /Subject (GRADE 12 CHEMISTRY Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{GRADE 12 CHEMISTRY Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{katiemc8} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/174181/cs/36594/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}katiemc8 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/katiemc8} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 23rd January, 2023.\\
   Updated 24th January, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chapter 1}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Chemistry}}- study of physical properties of matter} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{matter}} - anything that has mass or takes up space} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Areas of chemistry}} - organic, inorganic, biochemistry, analytical, and physical} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{organic chemistry}} - study of chemicals containing carbon} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{inorganic chemistry}} - study of chemicals not containing carbon} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{biochemistry}} - study of processes taking place in organisms} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{analytical chemistry}} - study of composition of matter} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 7
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{physical chemistry}} - study of the mechanism, rate, and energy transfer that occurs when matter changes} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chapter 1}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{pure}} - pursuit of knowledge for itself} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{applied}} - research directed to a specific goal} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{macroscopic}} - visible to human eye} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{microscopic}} - only visible with microscope} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Antoine Lavoisier}} - made chemistry become a measurable, observable science} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{scientific method}} - observe, test hypothesis, and develop theories} \tn 
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% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{hypothesis}} - proposed explanation} \tn 
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% Row 7
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{experiment}} - test a hypothesis} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chapter 1}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{pure}} - pursuit of knowledge for itself} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{microscopic}} - only visible with microscope} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Antoine Lavoisier}} - made chemistry become a measurable, observable science} \tn 
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% Row 5
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% Row 6
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% Row 8
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% Row 9
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% Row 11
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{scientific law}} - concise statement that summarises results of of observations and experiments} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chapter 2}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{extensive property}} - property depending on amount of matter in sample} \tn 
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% Row 3
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% Row 4
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% Row 5
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% Row 6
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% Row 7
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% Row 8
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% Row 9
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% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Addition and Subtraction of Sig Figs}} - round to the same number of decimal places as the measurement with the least number of decimal places} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Multiplication and Division}} - round answer to the same number of sig figs as the measurement with the least amount of sig figs} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{12.345 + 6.1 = 18.4 \newline (1.502)(3.8) = 5.7076 = 5.7}  \tn 
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% Row 0
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% Row 1
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{accuracy}} a measurement of how close a measurement comes to the actual/true} \tn 
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{precision}} - a measure of how close a series of measurement are to each other} \tn 
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% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{sig figs}} - in measurement includes all digits that are known plus an estimated digit} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Error}} = {\bf{Experimental Value}} - {\bf{Accepted Value}} \newline {\bf{\% = | error | / accepted value x 100\%}}}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chapter 3}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{density}} -intensive property b/c it has to do with type of substance, not amount and density decreases with increasing temperatures} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{density}} = mas/ volume in g/cm\textasciicircum{}3\textasciicircum{}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chapter 2}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{reactant}} - substance present at start of chemical reaction} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{participate}} - a solid that forms and settles out of liquid mixture} \tn 
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Conservation of Mass}} - in any physical/chemical reaction, the mass of reactants must = the mass of the products -{}-{}-{}-           (10g H\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{} + 8g O\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{} = 18 H\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{}O)} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Clues that a chemical change has ocurred:}} \newline - transfer energy  \newline - color change \newline - production of gas \newline - participate forms}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chapter 3}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{temperature}} - kelvin (0C = 273 K)} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{units of energy}} - is measured in calories or joules (joules is SI)} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{conversion factor}} - ratio of equivalent measurement} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{dimensional analysis}} - way to solve problems using units, dimensions, or measurements} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{5 Base of SI}}  \newline meter = length \newline kilograms = mass \newline kelvin = temperature  \newline second = time  \newline mole = number of molecules \newline litre = volume \newline 1 J = 0.2390 cal \newline 1 cal = 4.184 Joules \newline mole = number of molecules \newline litre = volume \newline  \newline Converting - 8.351 g to mg \newline smaller = multiply  \newline bigger = divide}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chapter 4}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Atom}} - smallest particle of element that retains it identity in a chemical reaction} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Subatomic particles}} - protons, neutrons, electrons} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Electrons}} -  negatively charged, located outside the nucleus, tiny (9.11 x10\textasciicircum{}-24\textasciicircum{}g), discovered by J.J. Thompson} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Protons}} - positively charged, located in the nucleus, large in comparison to electrons (1.67x10\textasciicircum{}-24\textasciicircum{}), discovered by Eugen Goldstein} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Neutrons}} - no charge, in nucleus, same mass as protons, discovered by James Chadwick} \tn 
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% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Cathode Rays}} -the high-speed electrons emitted in a stream from the heated cathode of a vacuum tube} \tn 
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% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{J.J. Thompson's Plum Pudding Model}} - atoms were positively charged masses with negatively charged electrons distributed throughout the mass.} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 7
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Rutherford's Atomic Model/Theory}} - The atom is mostly empty space, there is small negatively charged nucleus, electrons are located outside of and around nucleus} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 4)
% Row 8
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Democritus}} believed atoms were indivisible and indestructible.} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chapter 2}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{substance}} - uniform and definite composition of matter} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{mixture}} - a physical blend of 2+ components (can be homogeneous or heterogeneous)} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{heterogeneous}} - mixture not uniform throughout} \tn 
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{homogeneous}} - mixture uniform throughout} \tn 
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% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{phase}} - any part of a solution that is uniform throughout} \tn 
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% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{filtration}} - process separates a solid from liquid in hetero mix} \tn 
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% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{distillation}} - separates dissolved solids from liquid, which is boiled to produce vapour that has condensed into liquid} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sig Fig Rules}}  \tn
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{\bf{1.}} every non zero digit is significant & {\bf{4.}} zeros at end of number and right of a decimal are significant \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
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{\bf{2.}} zeros b/w non zero digits are significant & {\bf{5.}} zeros on right end of measurement that lie left of a decimal are not significant \tn 
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% Row 2
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{\bf{3.}} zeros appearing in front of non zeros (place holders) are not significant & {\bf{6.}} there are unlimited sig figs if: you are counting or situations involving exactly defined quantities \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 6)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Daltons' Atomic Theory}}} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1. all elements are composed of tiny indivisible particles called atoms} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{2. atoms of same element are identical, atoms of any one element are different from those of another element} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{3.atoms of different elements can mix together or chemically combine in simple whole number ratios} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{4. chemical reactions occur when atoms are separated, joined, or arranged. atoms of one element are never changed into atoms of another element.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{0.87957 cm} p{0.78858 cm} x{1.36485 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Summary of Principle Energy Levels, and, Orbitals}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Principle Energy Level}} & {\bf{Number of Sublevels}} & {\bf{Type of Sublevels}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
n = 1 & 1 & 1s (1 orbital) \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
n = 2 & 2 & 2s (1 orbital), 2p (3 orbital) \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
n = 3 & 3 & 3s (1 orbital), 3p (3 orbital), 3d (5 orbital) \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
n = 4 & 4 & 4s (1 orbital), 4p (3 orbital), 4d (5 orbital), 4f (7 orbital) \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chapter 4}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Atomic Number}} - number of protons in nucleus in atom} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Mass Number}} - protons + neutrons = total mass \#} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{\# neutrons}} = atomic \# - mass\#} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.27021 cm} x{2.16279 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Maximum Numbers of Electrons}}}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Energy Level N}} & {\bf{Maximum Number of Electrons}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
1 & 2 \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
2 & 8 \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
3 & 18 \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
4 & 32 \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chapter 2}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{element}} - simplest form of matter that has unique properties} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{compound}} - substance containing 2+ elements in fixed proportion} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Compounds can be broken down, but elements cannot.}} \newline Scientists use chemical symbols to represent elements. \newline Chemical symbols are always 1 or 2 letters with first letter capitalized}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chapter 5}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Quantum of Energy}} - is amount of energy required to move an electron from one energy level to another} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Orbit}} - each is associated with an energy level. The orbit an electron is in, determines energy of electron. Electrons can change orbits by gaining or losing energy} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Aufbau Principle}}  - electrons occupy orbitals of lowest energy first} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{*Electron Configuration}} - ways electron are arranged in various orbitals} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Pauli Exclusion Principle}} - atomic orbital can hold at most 2 electrons with opposite spin direction ↑↓} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Hunds Rule}} - electrons occupy orbitals of same energy in way that makes \# of electrons w/ same spin direction as large as possible} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chapter 4}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Atomic Number}} - number of protons in nucleus in atom} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Mass Number}} - protons + neutrons = total mass \# (total \# of of protons in nucleus of an element)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{\# neutrons}} = atomic \# - mass\#} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{isotopes}}  - atoms same element that have same atomic number, but different atomic masses due to difference of neutrons} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{atomic mass}} - a unit of mass to = \textasciicircum{}1/12\textasciicircum{} the mass of a carbon 12 atom} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{period}} - horizontal row of elements in periodic table} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{group}} - vertical column of elements in periodic table} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}