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  /Title (psychology-midterm.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (kateleschyshyn)
  /Subject (Psychology Midterm Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Psychology Midterm Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{kateleschyshyn} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/167377/cs/35031/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}kateleschyshyn \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/kateleschyshyn} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 30th October, 2022.\\
   Updated 30th October, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genetic and Evolution}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Charles Darwin - Theory of evolution} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Natural Selection is a theory developed through his observations of the fitness of species characteristics to its environment} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Natural selection and fitness} \tn 
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Animals that have certain traits that get an advantage} \tn 
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% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Evolution is a slow process} \tn 
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% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Fitness - organisms that are going to survive} \tn 
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% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{not good enough that you survive, must pass traits on} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Survival Adaptation}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{obtain food for yourself} \tn 
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% Row 2
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{all these adaptation make your chance greater for survival} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Reproductive adaptation}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{passing on genes to the next generations} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{some genes less useful, but are needed for reproduction} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{make animals more desirable to the opposite sex} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{example: abs, plumage of peacocks} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Intrasexual}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{are then passed on with greater frequency due to their association with greater mating sucess} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{when males fight with other males to win over the female} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{pressure on males to succeed} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{not always a physical deal - example: Satin bird} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{in this process, if members of one sex are attracted to certain qualities in mates} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{first brain cell: 700 mya} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{first brain cell: 250 mya} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Australopithecus: Our distant ancestor}}  \tn
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% Row 1
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% Row 2
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{how smart, overall: as a modern chimpanzee} \tn 
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% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{judged by tool use and tool making} \tn 
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% Row 5
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% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{australopithecus, could also not make them, but could use them} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hominids: the earliest humans}}  \tn
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% Row 1
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% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{adaptations to a changing environment} \tn 
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% Row 1
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{change in diet -\textgreater{} smaller facial muscles and teeth} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{not just focusing on meat but now fruit} \tn 
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% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{allows cooking to soften the meal, we don't have big teeth = everything gets smaller} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{smaller facial muscles and teeth -\textgreater{} greater range of vocalization -\textgreater{} language} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{small changes to mouth, more room for vocal track} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 7
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% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 8
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{cognitive ability} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 9
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{better tool making ability} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 10
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{social organization -\textgreater{} culture} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 11
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{from early to modern humans, brain size and cognitive ability increases} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{genetics}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{every cell in an organisms body contains the genetic blueprint for that organism} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{human body -\textgreater{} cell -\textgreater{} chromosomes -\textgreater{} DNA -\textgreater{} Gene} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{gene -\textgreater{} protein -\textgreater{} expression} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{genotype - blueprint examples: blue eyes, plans is housed the gene themselves} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{phenotype - the physical expressions of the genotype example: person has blue eyes} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{complex things break down to simple ideas} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{four basic bases, which are linked to each other} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 7
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{adenine bonds with thymine} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 8
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{cytosine bonds with quanine} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Gene to protein}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{the sequence of bases in gene determines which amino acids are used to build the specified protein} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{sequences of bases code for specific amino acids} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{bases -\textgreater{} amino acids -\textgreater{} proteins} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
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% Row 1
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% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{a polypeptide amino acids chain forms a protein} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{proteins are required to maintain cell function} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{proteins typically degrade within days} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{DNA -\textgreater{}mRNA -\textgreater{} Amino acid chain} \tn 
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% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{transcription and traslation} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 7
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{mRNA leaves nucleus and moves to endoplasmic reticulum} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 8
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{translates into different amino acids that need to be built} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 9
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{ribosomes move along translates the mRNA and codes for amino acids} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 10
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{codon codes for a specific amino acid} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 11
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{amino acids are chained together to make protein} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 12
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{golgi body is packaged into vesicles and transported into different parts of the cell} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genetic techniques}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{introduce or remove genes of an embryo} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{knock in / knock out : Fur colour in mice, gene for genetic disorder,} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{knock in : mouse that is supposed to have white fur, introduce genes for black fur} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{knock out : turn off gene} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{genetic disorder, develop treatment, common practice in neuroscience} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Animals model for human disorders}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{the mammalian brain is structurally similar across species} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{animals models used to mimic human diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{introduce a gene into a rat then you can test treatment and you are not dealing with human subjects} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genetic techniques}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{"maze bright" and "maze dull rats"} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{selective breeding} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{maze bright = rats that picked up learning the maze well} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{maze dull = rats that did not learn it well} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{only breed maze bright} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{generation later keep smart rat together and non-smart together} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
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\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The human genome project}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{completed in 2003} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{human genetic code contains less than 30,000 genes} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{4 bases that make it all up} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{to what degree are human abilites genetically determined vs. linked environement} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{genetics vs. what are you doing} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Identical twins}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{studying genetic disorders in identical twins} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{monozygotic} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{share the same genetic code} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{identical twins raised apart share many of the same physical and personality traits} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{individuals experiences} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{measures data of identical twins who were raised apart and live in different environment} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{can it be explained by genes or environment} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 7
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{you tend to see the same traits in this twin which is a strong genetic link} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 8
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{behavioural genetics are used to study genetic influence on a host of different behaviours} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 9
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{strong influence of genetics but does not answer the whole story: learning disabilites, mental disabilites} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Epigenetics}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{how a person experience can effect their gene} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{genes can explain variation between certain traits behaviours but not all} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{epigenetic drift - differences} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{when you observe the twin boys at a genetic level they are almost identical as well} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{older in lifem you start to see differences. similarity start to become epigenetic drift because the different experinces they are having in life} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Epigenetic mechanisms}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{having their effects in this process} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{DNA transcription} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{histone modification - DNA does not get transcribed like it should. results in the protein that was not intended} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{DNA modification} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{they all represent how the plan can be changed} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{critical during development when genes have to turn on and off at a precise interval} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{silent genes to let it develop into a mature gene} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Environmental effects on the genome}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{diseases linked to environmental exposure are difficult to track} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
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\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{different people respond differently} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{person may not have a genetically exposed to lung cancer but if they take up smoking} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}